Free Trade and Poor Countries

Why free trade is in the interest of the world’s poorest countries Free trade has been a much discussed topic since the 1770s, when Adam Smith presented his theory on trade and absolute advantages. Most sources argue that free trade will benefit the poor nations in the long run (Anderson et al. 2011; Bussolo et al. 2011; Madely 2000; Winters et al. , 2004). How-ever, the size of the benefits will vary in terms of which trade reforms are made, who the poor are, and how they support themselves (Winters et al. 2004).The purpose of this paper is to discuss why and how free trade is in the interest of the world’s poorest countries. The essay will commence by a description of the traditional trade theories, followed by a discussion of the advantages and the im-pact free trade has on the poorest nations including different theories and findings. There are two classic elements in the definition of trade. The first is Adam Smith’s rule of ‘mutual gain’, asses sing that for two countries trading with each other both must gain.Furthermore Adam Smith argues that trade is based on ‘absolute advantages’, which means that free trade will benefit all nations, if they specialise in producing the goods in which they are most efficient. The countries will then be able to produce at a lower price and trade the surplus for goods where they are less effective. This will allocate the world’s resources in the best possible way (Dunkley 1997; Irwin 2002; Madely 2000; Smith 1776) The second element to trade is Ricardo’s (1817) argument that trade and specialisation is based on ‘comparative advantages’.If one country has the absolute advantages in all goods com-pared to another country both nations can still benefit from trading. The country with the absolute disadvantage should specialise in producing the goods in which the absolute disadvantage is small-est and then import the goods in which the absolute disadvant age is largest. In the perspective of comparative advantages, freeing up trade would give the developing countries a chance to specialise in the production of primary goods and export the surplus to the developed countries in exchange of e. g. industrial goods (Salvatore 2012).However, some sources argue that when the trading is between a poor country trading primary goods and a rich country trading industrial goods the latter will benefit the most, because the poor country will have to export more in order to import a similar amount (Madely 2000). In contrast, Samuelson (1939) argues that any kind of trade is better than no trade and Salvatore (2012) concludes that developing countries should continue trading as long as they gain. The capital they get from the trade should be used to improve their technology, which will change their comparative advantages from primary goods to more refined goods.This is supported by Winters et al. (2004) who point out that connection be-tween the l iberalisation of trade and growth have not yet been completely proven, however there is no proof that trade should be harmful to growth. Moreover, barriers of free trade are not the only factor causing poverty; wars, corruption, diseases, and natural disasters are just a few internal fac-tors that keep the poor countries in poverty (Salvatore 2012). Another argument for free trade is that it would utilise the developing countries unutilised resources, caused by the insufficient national demand, more efficient.Free trade would give productions in developing countries a chance to sell their surplus on a greater market and with this give the developing countries a vent for their surplus (Salvatore 2012). Furthermore, free trade would increase the efficiency of domestic producers in order for them to compete with foreign companies. In addition, the expanding of the market size would form a basis for division of labour and economies of scale (Salvatore 2012). Advocates of free trade argu e that free trade will maximise the world’s welfare (Bussolo et al. 2011).This is supported by the theory of imposing tariffs in small and large countries (Salvatore 2012). A small country is defined as a country where changes in the domestic market would not affect the international market price and a large country is defined as a country where changes would affect the international market prices (Salvatore 2012). If a small country imposes import tariffs they will experience an overall loss in welfare, because of deadweight loss which is caused by inefficiency in domestic production. If a large country imposes tariffs they will xperience an improvement in welfare because they are able to affect the international market price, the producer’s surplus rise and the government’s revenue increases (Salvatore 2012). However, gains from tariffs are often only short term; when a large country imposes tariffs their trading partners probably will too. This will result in reduced traded volume, which in the long term will cause a decrease in world welfare. Madely (2000) argues that free trade, historically, has raised the welfare of many nations, however, but not for the poorest nations.He claims that free trade mostly benefits the multinational companies, because the rise of food import has forced the smaller farmers to sell their land to the larger companies. Furthermore, the multinational companies do not have any commitment or loyalty to the country in which they are active, which means that the poorest stay poor. In contrast Dollar (2005) claims, that the fast growth and reduction of poverty has been strongest in the developing countries that have included themselves in the world economy most rapidly.Furthermore, Salvatore (2012) states that trade will move new technologies, ideas, and managing skills from the developed countries to the developing countries. So even though multinational companies are taking over the small farmer’s land t hey still provide the producing country with new knowledge and tools that can help the country develop new comparative advantages. Winters et al. (2004) claim, that freeing up trade is one of the easiest ways to reduce poverty.Agricultural trade reforms would have the largest and most positive impact on poverty, because three-quarters of the world’s poorest people still hinge on farming as their main source of income (Anderson et al. 2011). Furthermore, the poor countries also often have a large number of unskilled workers, which give the poor nations a comparative advantage in exporting labour-intensive goods (Bhagwati & Srinivasan 2002). This paper determines that free trade overall would be in the interest of the poorest countries. Free trade will increase the global welfare and help the poor countries develop their comparative ad-vantages.Multinational companies’ investments in the poor countries will result in moving of tech-nology, ideas and skills. However, theo ry is not always consistent with practice, why it is important to examine the different perspectives in each case. Abolishing the world’s trade tariffs would indeed help the world’s poorest countries access a greater market to sell their goods, however, freeing up trade alone would not completely eliminate poverty; wars, diseases, corruption, and catastrophes are also strong influential factors of poverty.

Straight Edge

straight edge parents wonder what's wrong with their children. people wonder what these kids have to hide†¦ there must be something wrong with them†¦ why? because they look more scary than other youths? no! because they are more violent than others? no! because they praise a weird, new kind of god? no! but what is the reason the reason simply is – they live the â€Å"straight edge†. but what is â€Å"straight edge† exactly? the basic â€Å"definition† was created in the early 1980s in a hardcore-punk song of the washington d. c. and â€Å"minor threat† whose singer ian mackaye wrote a song about living a life without drugs – the song which included the six legendary words â€Å"don't drink, don't smoke, don't fuck! † – it was a song called â€Å"straight edge† – a song that gave a name to a new movement amongst the youth of then and preserved its fascination and attitude up to the new millennium. to expla in the history of the term â€Å"straight edge† even a bit more precisely: the words became the meaning for after the drummer of minor threat saw the symbol of a straight edge on a poster and thought – only god knows why – it would be the perfect symbol for this new lifestyle. asically it was a thing about cleaning oneself. in the late 1970s and early 1980s there was a big frustration in the punk scene worldwide. it was pretty much all about sex and drugs and rock'n'roll – and whoever wanted to be a real punk got drunk or stoned every time there was an opportunity. the problem was that the political backgrounds of punk became more and more unimportant, and people didn't even have the power to be active anymore. the poison took their power. o some kids – especially in new york – rethought this whole punk-idea and decided for themselves not to participate in this organized chaos anymore – to resist against the peer pressure. to get clea n and save their power for the fight to reach their ideals. the important thing which gave those kids the platform and power to start out their mission around the world was the music. fast punk. it was the new kind of punk. today we call it old-school hardcore. bands like minor threat, ssd and the teen idols were only some of the first straight edge bands. thousands of others followed their way. he music was the basis – but what was the background behind this â€Å"don't drink, don't smoke, don't fuck! â€Å"? was it just a frustrated group of kids who wanted to get attention by living like askets? not at all†¦ the part about the drinking and smoking is easy to understand. it means: â€Å"concentrate your power on the important things in life† – but what about the sex? why should people not be allowed to make love according to this lifestyle? well, that's not quite what it was supposed to mean and still is: it is supposed to mean, that one shouldn't have promiscuous sex – sleeping around every time one gets the chance. o pretending of love just to get sex. the reason for that is to show respect to others. not to see them as things. this is probably one of the most discussed about points of this whole definition. during the years some things changed. political engagement became en vogue – which is just too logic because the movement actually was born as an idea to strengthen the political power of each individual. respect of life also implies animal rights. that's the reason for vegetarism and veganism being very wide spread in the scene. lot of the straight edge people are active in human and/or animal rights groups and support direct action. but then there is the bad side of the movement: in public straight edge is often regarded to be narrow-minded and egotistical. but – it is quite the opposite. the bad image occurred because some groups split off and gave the whole scene a really bad name: there was on the o ne hand a new important part for some groups: religion – which was completely against the basic idea and straight edge. to question norms and to find it's own way of living. specially the big religious scene in the mormon area salt lake city / new mexico caused a lot of negative publicity. people supposedly even got killed there out of twisted and misunderstood straight-edge reasons. the problem there is the big connection between religion and straight edge there. the whole lifestyle isn't against the norm there at all – mormons get raised there that way anyway – but the motives are completely different. so kids are much more likely to call themselves straight edge even though the basic idea is not going along with their backgrounds at all. nother huge negative movement out of the straight edge scene is shown by so-called â€Å"hardline†-straight edgers. mostly they are involved in the religion of islam (don't ask about the reasons – it is totally incomprehensibly! ) and fight against anything â€Å"impure† and â€Å"unnatural† like abortion – most of them are real hardline pro-lifers – or homosexuality. there were also tendencies amongst right-wing groups who tried to adapt straight edge for their means. but they all just didn't understand what straight edge is about†¦ but straight edge is about tolerance, respect and activism. nyone who gets in touch will discover, that the letter or sign â€Å"x† has an important meaning. it dates back to the 1980s in new york when – like it was and is common in the united states – on concerts and shows underage kids got marked with a big â€Å"x† on the back of their hands so that they wouldn't get alcohol to drink at the bar. older kids solidarized with them and marked their hands themselves – to show the don't even want to drink. today a lot of people use the â€Å"x† in their names – like xsidx for exampl e – wear it on shirts or as tattoos. lso the abbreviation sxe for straight edge is really popular and common. unfortunately a lot of kids see it as a cliquish and â€Å"cool† hing to be straight edge – but they won't stay like that. they will live on their lives just like a lot of their â€Å"never-been-straight-edge†-fellows. it is important to develop ones own definition and style of straight edge. one has to live it. then it is the right decision and the appropriate lifestyle. then it is the â€Å"true till death† lifestyle – in contrast to â€Å"true till college† which characterizes the stylish kids mentioned before. he music changed a lot too. there is still a bunch of old-school bands but especially during the 1990s there emerged many sxe-bands that played all different styles of hardcore like the heavy-metal like hardcore or the softer emo-core. it is impossible to still find names for the style of every band – the vari ety is just too big. important are still the hardcore shows were kids from all over meet, trade records, and just hang out. the scene is pretty much selfly-sufficient too. here's kids who publish (mostly still vinyl) records for young bands – others who have little mail orders and distributions to sell and trade tapes, records and cds, some kids organize shows for bands (even from overseas), and others who even buy vegan food you cannot get here abroad and sell it to the kids. all â€Å"do-it-yourself† (= diy). all anti-capitalist. straight edge is nothing suspicious. straight edge is personal choice. straight edge is the decision to find ones own norms. straight edge is support for weak and disadvantaged beings. straight edge is the attempt to make the world a better place!

Due Process Video Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Due Process Video - Movie Review Example Thus the parent should be compensated for the financial expenses incurred in admitting Stephen to the private school with effective programs for learners having autism. The weakest witness in the due process hearing is the school district. This is because the district did not adopt an appropriate education standard and process for the learners experiencing the autism condition. The IEP requires the school district to provide appropriate and free education to all students experiencing disabilities. The most effective witnesses are the parents. This is because they adequately understand that appropriate education should be legally provided for free. Hence, they should be compensated for meeting the costs of private education. The school district provided a significant rationale or explanation as to why Stephen’s tuition should not be paid or compensated. The board claims that it is only the disabled learners in the public education process who benefit from the free education. The private school education process for the disabled learners is not considered in the free education budget or the IDEA. Hence, compensation should not be paid because Stephen was transferred to a private school. The parent of the disabled learners in the private schools should pay fully for the education expense. The defense team illustrated significant rationale explaining why the school district should compensate the parents. It is the legal responsibility for the school district to provide appropriate education to learners with autism like Stephen, at no cost to the parents. The district did not provide the appropriate education as illustrated through IDEA. Thus the learners with autism were transferred to a private school with the appropriate education for the learners with autism challenges. It is only fair if the school board compensated the parents for the education expenses

Efficient Data Mining Classification Technique Essay

Efficient Data Mining Classification Technique - Essay Example Therefore, the concept-evolution problem would be effectively addressed in this thesis along with data reduction and class balancing issues. This research project aims to study the shortcomings of existing novel class detection, data reduction, and class balancing data mining techniques in terms of their accuracy, efficiency, and applicability to real life applications of multi streaming data. The aim of the research is also to provide alternate solutions to overcome those drawbacks. My thesis aims to propose a general model and algorithm that will be tested on synthetic data and well known real data sets e.g. KDD Cup 99 network intrusion detection (KDD), Auslan [Kad02], and EMG [Kol05]. Classification, clustering, and aggregation are some of the data mining hot topics that are of extreme value in all engineering and scientific areas, such as, biological, physical and bio-medical sciences. Diversified nature of escalated data along with its composite aspects and multiple autonomous sources is a major issue in data mining that leads to the need for the development of real life applications. The motivation behind this study is offered in the following paragraphs: The first issue the thesis is going to address is that of evolving data, which represents a challenge for classification. The effective and efficient methods are needed by the growing and dynamic data streams, which are considerably different from the static data mining methods. The concept drift and infinite length are considered to be the well-studied features of data streams. Across data stream mining, to address the infinite length [Fan04] and concept-drift[Cha07][Kol05] [Wan03], diverse methods have been suggested in the literature. Yet, the data streams have two another challenging characteristics, known as, feature-evolution and concept-evolution, which are ignored by the present methods.

Ethical guidelines of an accountant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical guidelines of an accountant - Essay Example The globalization of most industries means new standards of financial reporting have to be followed.In many instances,new standards had indeed been adopted by accounting bodies eager to be of help in contributing to the promotion of the interest of various stakeholders such as varied investors,government regulatory bodies and the employees who also have a stake. Because of their confusing and complex nature, one has to be a detective of sorts to be able to sort out all the information contained in financial statements.Analysis of these statements require a certain degree of skill to be able to make fair comparisons between firms operating in various countries. Admittedly, there had been several efforts to standardize all the accounting rules and practices beginning in 1973 and took more concrete form by 1998 with a creation of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).My paper deals with the ethical issues confronting most chartered accountants today. It is because the prof ession of accounting is often a murky environment with various rules and regulations subject to different interpretations. In other words, most of the rules were formed from mere opinions of authoritative bodies. As such, opinions can be subjected to challenges. Despite all the efforts at standardization, there is still a long way to go before all accountants follow the same rules and procedures. Chartered accountants can be subjected to all various pressures for them to fudge the numbers if necessary. This puts them in awkward positions of conflicts of interest.

Palestine between WWI and WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Palestine between WWI and WWII - Essay Example Arguably, Muslims, Christian and Jewish groups invoke religious arguments to hold their positions on the Canaan land territory hence sparking conflict. Muslims argue that the land belongs to all Abraham descendants with Ishmael included whom they believe as their origin. Jews and Christians believe that God promised the land of Canaan to them through Abraham’s young son Isaac. The conflict exploded to a full-blown civil war in 1947 leading to establishment of Israel modern state in May 1948. Competing territorial ambitions initiated political and nationalist conflict following the fall of Ottoman Empire shifting large-scale Arab, Israeli conflict to local Palestinian Israeli conflict (Goldschmidt & Davidson, 2009). The large-scale conflict largely ended after 1973 October cease-fire. In the interwar years, the conflict was further fuelled by land purchases and culture conflicts, mainly attributed to religious differences. The other major cause of the war was the rise of anti-S emitism and the rise of the Arab Nationalism. The anti-Semitism caused by a notion that there was a Jewish conspiracy that was propagated by the Europeans and had no roots to Islam. The rise of the Arab Nationalism saw the coming of leaders such as Hajj Amin al-Husayn who were both educated and enlightened the masses on their rights and what they needed to do. The Great Britain white paper was also known as MacDonald white paper. This was because Malcolm McDonald presided over it as the British colonial secretary.

Medical terminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Medical terminology - Essay Example view vocal cords directly has now been developed as a process to inspect the body parts through an optical instrument inserted onto the tubes or cavities to reach the body parts intended to be examined. It is an optical instrument and inserted through the urethra to reach the bladder. It has two parts called ports. One port is used to see the inside of the bladder and the other port is used to take biopsy, treating tumors and removing stones from the bladder. It is also used for removing the prostrate. The tube attached to the instrument is inserted through the incision at the back into the kidney for locating kidney stones. The stones are disintegrated by high frequency waves and sucked out through the Nephroscope. It is used for surgical procedures in the lower ureter area by direct viewing with the aid of a telescope extending through the sheath to the ureter. This is again used for kidney stones removal but without making cuts in the body. The urologist passes the Urethroscope by a tube through the urethra into the bladder and then to the ureter to reach the kidney stone’s location. The urologist removes kidney stones with a basket to grab the stones or forceps. Though there are several instruments available for breaking the stones, urologists mostly use a laser. It is an outpatient procedure. If stay is required it will not be more than 24to 48 hours. (.webmd.com) Laparoscope is used perform operations hands free with the aid of a camera placed in the abdomen. Its applications are tubal ligation for sterilization and gall bladder removal. A small incision is made near the belly button area into which carbon dioxide is passed to enlarge the space inside for the surgeon to have a clearer view. The laparoscope is then placed for examination of the pelvis or abdomen. Additional cuts may be required during the procedure. After the procedure, the opening is closed with drain for any fluid developing to pass out. Women who have had previous pelvic or abdominal

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Final exam - Essay Example On the subject of externality there is the aspect of Negative Externality and it involves both the consumer and the producer who collectively neglect the environment and what implications their activities have on the environment. It could also involve one of the two parties leaving the other out of consideration; for example when a producer releases a harmful product into the market and it results into the death of a consumer. This is one scenario that has been satisfied by the tobacco company. The health effects (lung cancer) of smoking to both the active and passive smokers cannot be over emphasized. The medical bills that the smoker incurs in the course of treatment is substantial and then there is the pain endured during ones illness and the ultimate price is the loss of life. Regardless of these hazardous effects, the cigarette industry continues to thrive over financial gains from the sale of its product. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has controlled the tobacco company through the regulation of their products. It has done this by: restricting the advertising and promotion of tobacco products and this has worked to promote healthy living since the public is less aware of the existence of the product. It has banned all tobacco products which are flavored like fruits and candy and this has made them less attractive to minors and individuals with refined tastes. The companies are barred from purporting any reduced risk products and this has played the role of reducing the number of new smokers or prospective ones. It requires the companies to fully disclose the health effects of their product, the contents and any changes they might have made; with this knowledge in the public eye, the consumers are empowered with information. The disadvantage that comes with these legislations is that the sale of the product is still legal so long as the relevant companies abide by them. The

Things to Know About Volleyball Essay Example for Free

Things to Know About Volleyball Essay One thing that I didn’t know about volleyball was that in 1895 William G. Morgan invented it. I also didn’t know that Volleyball has the skills of Baseball, Handball, and Tennis. Two things I already knew were how to spike and serve. Two things I already knew how to do were how to spike and serve. One more thing I didn’t know was how to jump serve. hits then without exercising. This book is based on both facts and how you would play the game. The way the author uses facts is by on page 54 it tells you step by step how to do a back set. The way I can tell the difference between the author’s presentation or fact and inference is by in all of chapter one it gives you some facts on how the game first started. One of the facts is that in 1895 William G. Morgan wanted to invent a game that had the skills of baseball, handball, and tennis. Thus inventing Volleyball. Five items you would put in a timecapsul would be: 1. A volleyball because that’s what the book is all about. 2. Tips on How to Play the game so that if someone in the future knew how to play already they could have tips to become better player’s. 3. A list of warm-ups and exercises to do to play the game better cause your have better 4.I would also put in a list of steps that you should do to know how to spike because bumping, setting, and spiking are the three main ways to get the ball over the net. 5.I would also put in a list of Volleyball Talk words because they would be good to have so when you play the game and use the words you will know what they mean and how to use them.

Psycho Dynamic Model of Abnormality Essay Example for Free

Psycho Dynamic Model of Abnormality Essay Psychodynamic model of abnormality- the Oral, Anal and Phallic stages of development. Freud suggested that psychological development in childhood takes place in a series of stages that occur throughout fixed periods of time, his theory suggests children develop though psychosexual stages which involve conflict which must be resolved. The Oral stage: This is the first stage of development which occurs at the age of 0-1 years. In this stage the mouth is the source of pleasure for the libido, at this age babies tend to gain comfort by doing things such as biting and chewing toys, breastfeeding etc. Feud also believed that oral stimulation could lead to oral fixation later on in life, for example behaviours such as smoking, biting nails etc. The Anal stage: This stage of development occurs at the age of 1-3 years. The child is now aware that their wishes and needs can bring them into conflict with the demands of the outside world indicating that an ego has developed. In this stage the libido is focused on the anal source of pleasure, conflict tends to come to a head in potty training when parent’s restrictions and going to the toilet in the right place at the right time are imposed on the child, Freud believed over strictness about forcing the child during potty training and cleanliness can cause anal fixation and obsessive behaviour later on in life. The Phallic stage: This stage of development occurs at the age of 3-6 years. Feud suggested that at this stage children become aware of their genitals and the libido is focused on this idea, suggesting that the child becomes aware of emotions such as jealousy, rivalry and fear and erotic attraction. This stage also focuses on the Oedipus and Complex’s. These behavioural types of development were suggested by Freud, the Oedipus complex which focuses on boy’s behaviour and desire to parents, and the Electra complex focussing on girl’s behaviour and desire towards parents. The Oedipus complex: Freud suggested that during the phallic stage young boys and girls go through a stage of desire for their parents, the Oedipus complex outlines the idea that boys develop strong desire for mother, they then Notice a strong bond between parents and Become jealous of father and afraid of the father who might discover the boys true feelings and fearing the punishment of castration is Resolved by identifying with the father. The Electra complex: During the stages of this complex Freud suggested that briefly, the girl desires the father but discovers she does not have a penis which leads to penis envy she then blames mother for her lack and transfer’s love from mother to father, the feelings are then repressed and Resolved by the girl Identifying with mother to become like her.

Gender Based Theories of Crime

Gender Based Theories of Crime Abstract The swift change in power is constant in today’s society. While some researchers do claim that men have a tight grip over the standards of living, women are making a drastic upturn in control and dominance. Since societies have been changing with the understandings of rights and privileges, the conflict of authority arises between genders where one will feed off of the other’s emotions to enable specific behaviors, like criminality and delinquency. By seeing certain issues with society between men and women, one can identify gender as another common source to defining the true criminal deviant. This paper will explain several gender-based theories, the variables influencing the studies, the aspects of these theories, and the policy implications that can assist conflicted individuals. Keyword(s): gender-based theory, men, women, criminality, dominance, feminism Criminological Theory: Chapter Ten Gender-Based Theories Since the dawn of time and development of all forms of recording history, men have been the dominant class in society. With the use of weapons, fighting for honor and glory, and being seen as a peacekeeper for home and country, men are revered as the solid ground at the heart of the nation. However, with the rise of women in the archetypal ladder of power, a conflict with gender control has been constant throughout time. Because of this instability to have a dominant gender, many theorists have tried to rationalize behaviors for both, but the bias between one another has created issues between patriarchal living and feminism. Main Idea of Gender-Based Theories The main idea of the gender-based theories is that society, as a whole, is considered to be patriarchal, or male-based. This establishes that society empowers males in every aspect of social interaction. For many societies like the United States and England, this is proven to be true due to the implementation of human rights by men, the translation of various texts including the Holy Bible by men, and most criminological theories being researched and conducted by men. This allows men to be higher in power over women, and have more to say within society towards contributions and changes with their developmental background. However, feminist perspectives of these theories believe that males do not understand the importance of gender and sex roles in society (Williams McShane, 2014). Complex or Abstract? The perspectives of the gender-based theories would be categorized as complex due to the variety of ideas concerning these theories. For example, the five developments in the perspectives of criminology involve varying viewpoints in radical, liberal, Marxist, socialist, and post-modern feminism. These developments have been applied to criminology to make attempts and summarize existing criminological work into these perspectives (Williams McShane, 2014). However, the main assumption towards a link between liberation and crime has never been fully established and proven. There may be opportunities to liberation from crime, but the offender must be able to work for those goals, and attempt to change themselves as a dual-edged sword: liberating one’s heart to liberate one’s mind and conscience, freeing them from guilt and any form of shame after the crime has already been committed. What Are We Studying? The interdisciplinary natures of this theory involve studies conducted by notable scholars like Freda Alder. Alder believed when woman obtained better positions in society and took on more traditionally â€Å"male† roles, they will experience a shift in behaviors towards masculinity (Williams McShane, 2014). She determined that this would be the result of women committing more traditional male crimes like violent crimes and white collar crimes. Despite her ideas being interesting to common public, research has not found much evidence to support her claim. In 1979, however, researchers Stephen Cernkovich and Peggy Giordano observed delinquent behavior and attitudes supporting women’s liberation and did not find a relationship. Instead, they found juveniles with the most liberated attitudes were less delinquent (Williams McShane, 2014). This would assume that prison systems relying on rehabilitation are proven to work, those offenders who are given a second chance can b e successful in the real world after committing a crime at a young age. Theorists of Gender-Based Theory There are many theorists that contributed to gender-based theories, but one prominent theorist was Freda Alder. After receiving her various degrees, including her Ph.D. in sociology, from the University of Pennsylvania, Alder taught for many years at Rutgers University and helped establish one of the first schools of criminal justice (Williams McShane, 2014). Through all of her prestigious awards and acknowledgements, she helped develop a basis for gender-based theories, but also to the differences between paternalism and feminism within society. Although research has yet to prove her claims, female criminality is a prominent field of criminology advancing in today’s society, where constant change flourishes. Variables of Gender-Based Theory The dependent variable in this instance, or theory, is the person being studied. The independent variable, however, would be heading towards differences in gender. For example, when a woman strives for equal treatment in all aspects of life, this would lead towards the radical feminist perspective of the theory. The woman needs to decide to act properly with the new, equal status in life, and as a result, can continue to gain momentum in life. On the other hand, she can decide to deviate from what is right and normal, becoming greedy and resulting in criminal behavior. Qualitative Versus Quantitative Based on the information provided from the text and the research gathered, this theory would be considered qualitative. There are many perspectives studied within the gender-based theories. Studied conducted by Klein in 1973 show that females’ behavior were explained by simple concept and motives. However, there is no substantial evidence proving that females are less complex than males in committing crimes. Several theorists have maintained that females are basically non-criminal, but gender is one of the least researched areas of criminology (Williams McShane, 2014). This is proven to be a qualitative characteristic of all research as no statistics are shown and the observation is shown through data collection and analysis. Gender-Based Theory: The Good and the Bad When reflecting on the gender-based theories, one positive to society is making people aware, or sensitizing them, to criminological behaviors from a man’s perspective. This is generally admissible to prove how a criminal thinks, and it can also gather data on the person most associated with being an offender. However, when using only a man’s point of view, the determination of criminological behaviors is strictly biased away from women, where criminal behaviors are increasing every year. In essence, taking account of the feminist perspective and analyzing criminal behaviors is important as woman are committing more crimes where police work expands to all forms of law enforcement, and where the criminal is more diverse to the community instead of being towards one stereotype. Macro-Theory Versus Micro-Theory This theory is to be viewed as a micro-theory. A variety of theorists have conducted studies in this perspective of gender. There are many aspects of gender theory, but it is unrealistic to place it in the accurate classifications as other theories discussed earlier. Gender theories may be considered structural because they try to explain the differences in the rates of male and female crime. What can be established is the relationship between gender and crime, but also how gender-based theories are conflict-oriented, where the problems exist within the individual to determine the crime (Williams McShane, 2014). A majority of these theorists, however, have tried to explain crime from a deterministic point of view. This would maintain that predestination exists within the individual, and there is no free will to make that person decide towards or away from criminal behavior (Williams McShane, 2014). This conflict-oriented bias within gender-based theories gives men and women the ass umption that resistance from criminal behavior is futile, but also that they have no true correlation with positivist theories mentioned in earlier chapters. Personal Reflection In my opinion, there are some good and bad points to the concepts or philosophies of the feminist movements. It is a good thing that the feminist movement has made some leaps and bounds over the past several years. Increases have been made in employment and wages, which narrow the gap in the differences of men and women while occupations are the same standard for their field of work. However, where do we, as a diverse and adapting society, draw the line? For example, in today’s society, we have many people – men and women – giving their lives to fight for their country whereas most women during World War II were at home or in the textile factory working like the men to support the war and promote positive morale for the soldiers fighting overseas. Men and women are innately different in physical capabilities as well as behavioral mindset. Men are typically seen as stronger, more composed soldiers for the country’s army, but not all men are aggressive or co urageous to step onto the battlefield. Women, at the same time, are given the opportunity to be treated equally in every aspect of life. I do not think it is realistic because society, as a whole, was raised with the chivalrous brutality enforced by their fathers while women were taught to be delicate and needed to be treated accordingly. If a man was unable to give respect for the woman, then shame would be brought upon that man until he does so with kindness and respect. Policy Implications The general consensus is the reforming of society to abolish patriarchal domination could result in improved conditions for all, including women, and that crime would lessen as a result to changes in authority in society. Feminists would be able to provide many provisions and access to opportunities like education and employment, and other countermeasures would be created as a result. This would include modifications to economic structures by strengthening and enforcing child support measures, teen pregnancy intervention methods, child care socialization, amending marriage laws, and emphasizing the importance of gender relations (Williams McShane, 2014). One progressive method to enforcing change within genders is the use of alternate homes and residential treatment centers. Studies have suggested that young women express relief at being removed from abusive homes, but many people resort to â€Å"out-of-home† placement for girls than boys (Williams McShane, 2014). With the works of the Alternative House, a program stationed in Virginia, their goal is to â€Å"keep young people safe [while] providing them with the opportunity to grow and achieve their full potential† (Alternative House, 2014). This would include methods of education and employment until adulthood occurs, and the factors of a better childhood are presented to them in various ways like therapy and crisis intervention hotlines. Like other countermeasures to fighting delinquency, the Alternative House approaches youths who are most likely to deviate into criminal behavior in order to deter them from that lifestyle. Another resourceful method to deterring delinquency for genders is the use of local intervention methods for helping pregnant teens. From a local perspective, the one common outreach program is the Florence Crittenton program, where provision are given to young, at-risk pregnant women in hopes to â€Å"help them become self-sufficient and responsible mothers† (Florence Crittenton Programs of South Carolina [FCPSC], 2014). This proves to be reaching out to one method of community-oriented outreach, but also as a way to provide assistance to at-risk women within a society dominated by patriarchal control. By providing assistance like medical care and pre-natal care for the woman and the child, a family can be started, and the outlook for that family is ten times greater than before. References Alternative House. (2014). Alternative House Mission Vision. Retrieved from  http://www.thealternativehouse.org/ Florence Crittenton Programs of South Carolina. (2014). â€Å"Our Mission-Help for Pregnant  Teens.† Retrieved from http://florencecrittentonsc.org/about-uspregnant-teens/our-mission/ Williams III, F.P. McShane, M.D. (2014). Criminological Theory (6th Ed.).  Upper Saddle River: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Po :: essays research papers

All the Pictures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Potatoes. Instant potatoes at that. This was the meal of the evening. A plastic bowl half filled with a pasty hot goo that claimed to be somehow derived from a potato. Thoughtlessly, Jimmy gulped it down as he stared blankly at his computer screen. On the monitor showed a blank white page, even whiter than his potato mush. The screen was ludicrously devoid of all semblance of any color than white. There was no hint of the black font that was supposed to have filled fifteen such screens by now. His term paper on the many recurring symbols of questioned manliness in a novel he had read in his English class was due the next class, which was in twelve hours to be exact. He was in no hurry to finish, or to even start, this task. He was content with his blank staring and eating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This was a typical scene in Jimmy's room; clothes strewn about the floor and on his bed, his black chair covered with unread books and parts to his broken fan, his desk in utter disarray and covered with various pieces of paper and assorted plates and glasses from weeks past. In the center of it all always sat Jimmy, idly staring at his computer screen with a face that appeared barren of any thought or emotion. Pretty much any night of the week, you could find Jimmy in this exact position, and usually with the same meal in his hands and the same clothes in the same spots. One thing you could say for Jimmy, he was definitely reliable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yet, he had not always been like this, or so it would seem. If one was so inclined to almost physically drag a story out of Jimmy, it would be raucous and amazingly entertaining, and probably filled with different kinds of liquor and different names of different women. But right after he would finish the story, he would fidget uncomfortably in his computer chair until the intruder of his room grew so uneasy himself that he would leave. He would just sit in his chair in silent boredom with everything about life, with no signs of any intentions to start to do anything about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On his desk sat many pictures, some of him, some of his friends, some of his dog. Almost without fail, everyone of those pictures had Jimmy or someone else doing something absolutely ludicrous with huge stupid grins on their faces, and enjoying themselves and enjoying life.

The Chi Omega Greek Theater and The Theater of Dionysus :: Architecture Compare contrast Essays

The Chi Omega Greek Theater and The Theater of Dionysus The Chi Omega Greek Theater was constructed as a gift to the University commemorating Chi Omega's founding in 1895. It is the only United States structure of its kind and it was designed to be almost a replica of the theater of Dionysus at the Acropolis. The theater is used on the campus today for plays, pep rallies, and meetings. It is accessible to students, faculty, members of the community and acts as a constant reminder of the Greek System's support of the school. The Greek Theater is not well known throughout the country, however it is a site of pride in Fayetteville. It stands for both the unity within the sorority and the monument to the goddess Demeter who supported civilized life. The first use of the theater was in 1930, when a play was performed telling the story of Demeter and Persephone. The theater of Dionysus stands at the foot of the acropolis and its date originates back to the 6th Century, B.C.. Its originally wood seats rise in tiers above one another against the slope of the acropolis, creating a natural setting for the plays (D'ooge, 231). The Greek Theater was built to house a drama which, during the festivals of Dionysus, had evolved from the long tradition of choral hymns which were presented each year. As Greek culture changed and flourished, entertainment transformed from being a series of choral chanting and dancing to placing an emphasis on the actor. As the actors' importance grew, there became a need for a stage from which they could be seen by each of the fourteen thousand spectators the theater housed. The chorus was still a very active part of the entertainment and they resided in the orchestra (Norwich, 64). The orchestra was the oldest part of the Greek theater and thus, when the actor was given more emphasis, the chorus was still regarded very highly.

Work-life conflict

Abstract Work-life conflict is among the human resource challenges that adversely affects the productivity of employees and leads to physical and psychological health issues. This paper provides an in-depth discussion of this issue, addressing its causes and consequences. It also refers to psychological theories on work-life balance to provide a more in-depth understanding of the issue. To ensure that there is a work-life balance; organisations have to implement strategies that help employees to cope with their family and workplace responsibilities. Some of these strategies, as well as legal requirements for employers, have also been discussed in this paper. Introduction Employees play a vital role in any organisation. Thus, it is vital for human resource managers to ensure that employee productivity is optimal. One of the factors that may affect employee productivity is work-life conflict (McNamara, et al., 2011). It is defined as an inter-role struggle, where work and family burdens are conjointly incompatible, such that the demands on one end make it difficult to fulfil the demands on the other end (Messersmith, 2007). For organisations that intend to maintain their competitive advantage, it is vital for them to create a work environment allows for a balance between family or life responsibilities and workplace responsibilities. Whereas this is known by many employers across the globe, there are still many cases of work-life conflicts in many organisations. Employees also play a role in ensuring that they have a balance between their work and families (Yuileet al., 2012). For instance, there are employees who are excessively obsessed with their wo rkplace. This therefore limits the time for their family and social life (Rantanen, et al., 2011). This paper discusses the issue of work-life conflict, its common nature, the causes and consequences of the challenge, the psychological understanding of the challenge as well as key policy and legal consequences from the occurrence. Work-life Conflict As aforementioned, this conflict occurs as a result of an incompatibility of demands that work and family place on an individual (Messersmith, 2007). This conflict is bi-directional, meaning that it the productivity of employees at the workplace and also adversely impacts on the delivery of family responsibilities (Rantanen, et al., 2011). According to Robbins and Judge (2012), work-life conflict has two main components. One of these is the practical component that comprises of scheduling issues, where individuals cannot be in more than one place at a time. The other component is the stress that occurs as a result of overloading employees with many responsibilities (Robbins & Judge, 2012). The issue of work-life conflict can be classified into several categories. These include role overload, family to work interference and work to family interference (Turner et al., 2014). Role overload is experienced when demands in terms of energy and time – both in their families and at the workplace – are too much for an employer to handle comfortably (Lapierre et al., 2012). Work to family interference occurs when workplace commitments make it challenging to fulfil family responsibilities. Family to work interference refers to the interference of family responsibilities with workplace productivity (ten Brummelhuis et al., 2010). Commonness of Work-life Conflict Even though the technological developments that have taken place within the past decade are expected to have made organisations more flexible in scheduling to reduce work-life conflict, this issue is still rampant in the United Kingdom. For instance, the maximum working hours per week in the UK are 48. However, as established by Crush (2011), there were more than four million Britons working for more 48 hours in 2011. It was also established that more than five million Britons work for an average of more than seven hours per week without payment. In a survey that was carried out by Robert Walters, a recruitment agency, it was found that approximately 30% of human resource professionals, lawyers and financial risk professionals work for more than 50 hours weekly (Crush, 2011). Even though it is impossible to estimate the commonness of all forms of work-life conflicts in the United Kingdom, the mentioned statistics indicate that this issue affects many companies. In terms of gender, Ly ness and Judiesch (2014) argue that women are faced with more work-life conflict issues as compared to men based on the fact that they typically have more family roles than their male counterparts. Causes of Work-life Conflict The different types of work-life conflicts have different causes. One of these is an overload of roles both at their workplaces and in their families, which may be too heavy and taxing to an employee. This makes it practically impossible for the employee to satisfy the role demands on either side of the conflict (Makela & Suutari, 2011). Whereas employers are responsible for overloads at the workplace in most cases, it may also be as a result of an increased ambition by employees, who may take up a lot of work-related responsibilities to achieve certain monetary goals or promotions (Yuile et al., 2012). Conflicts may also occur due to the interference of an individual’s work by family demands and responsibilities, where tasks emanating from the family infiltrate into the responsibilities that are demanded from the employee at the workplace (Yuile et al., 2012). This often happens to single parents who end up having so many responsibilities to their children such that it often leads to their arriving at work late or having to think more about their families while at work than they concentrate on their jobs. This may drain the employee’s energy, time and financial resources (Inman et al., 2014 ). Consequences of Work-life Conflict There are many effects that arise from work-life conflict, which all lead to reduced performances in both family and workplace responsibilities. Several researches that have been carried out on of work-life conflict have established that it has a negative impact on both physical and psychological health of individuals. For instance, McNamara et al., (2011) established that work-life conflicts cause burnouts that are more related to emotional exhaustion. They also established that it leads to physical health issues like fatigue, poor appetite and high blood pressure, among others. In another research that was carried out by Makela and Suutari (2011), it was established that increased work-life conflicts increase depression and stress. Even though many researchers argue that there work-life conflict has adverse impacts on employees, Sullivan, Yeo, Roman, Bell Jr, and Sosa (2013) argue that the intensity of these impacts varies with the individuals being subjected. For instance, he esta blished that married people are more affected than those who are single. Psychological Theories relating to Work-life Conflict Based on the interest that this subject has elicited in researchers, several theoretical frameworks that can be used to understand work-life conflict and work-life balance have been suggested. One of these is overall appraisal and components approach (Tyson, 2012). The overall appraisal approach is referred to as a general assessment of an individual’s life situation. It explains work-life balance as a â€Å"satisfaction and good functioning at work and home, with a minimum of role conflict† (Clark, 2000, p751). It also considers work-life balance as the sufficiency of family and work resources to facilitate effective participation on both sides. Though it has helped in understanding work-life conflict of balance, this theoretical approach has been criticised for being too general in addressing this issue without pointing out the specific components of work-life conflict. The components approach, on the other hand, is based on an understanding that work-life conflict oc curs as a result of several facets, which include involvement, satisfaction and time (Grzywacz & Marks, 2000). Thus, for there to be a balance, there has to be a balance in time devotion, psychological investment and satisfaction, both at the workplace and at home. How to Prevent Work-life Conflict Based on the theoretical frameworks that have been mentioned above, it can be argued that it is vital to ensure a work-life balance (Clark, 2000). The management has a role to play in this regard in improving the lives of their employees so as to improve the results of the organisations that they work for. One approach that can be used is introducing alternative working arrangements for employees. This may be done through the introduction of flexibility at work, such as the times of arrival and departure, or even occasionally shuffling work schedules for employees (Ford et al., 2007). This reduces the stress caused by boredom and routines that easily culminate in work-related stress, and get into new and positive changes of their new roles at work (Lyonette et al., 2007). There is however a possibility that the initial stages of routine change might reduce employee productivity as employees may need some time to adjust into their new schedules and roles. Organisations can also provide work-life benefits to employees, so as to enable them have ample times with their families and consequently produce better results for the organization as they perform better at work (Inman et al., 2014). Such employer benefit mechanisms may include being given personal days off especially when the employee has been consistent at work for a long time and has achieved greatly for the firm, as an appreciation (Tyson, 2012). It may also include the provision of facilities that would enable persons to carry out their work responsibilities while at the same time having the confidence that their family matters are well taken care of such as the provision of day care facilities in the office, or the creation of a gym at the gym (Yuile et al., 2012). Besides the mechanisms that organisations may lay in order to aid their suffering employees from mental problems brought about by work-life imbalances, employees may themselves also create measures that may enable them create effective work-life balances (Grzywacz & Marks, 2000). For instance, employees may create the social support systems or programs that enable colleagues to guide, support and counsel each other. Key policy and legal requirements that employers must consider Employers in all organisations are bound by legal mechanisms and government policies that obligate them to do certain things and sanction them against doing others (Sanseau & Smith, 2012). For instance, with reference to the Employment Rights Act 1996 c. 18 Part V, employers are legally bound by the fact that they are meant to create conducive atmosphere for their employees as they carry out their duties (Legislation.gov.uk, 1996). All employees have a right to work under surroundings that augur well with their trade of work and they must be protected from physical and emotional harm that may emanate from their duties (Lyness & Judiesch, 2014). Another legal binding is the ‘working hour directive’ (Directive 2003/88/EC). Employers are bound by the legal provisions that require working hours to be at a maximum of 48 hours a week, unless employees willingly choose to work for more (European Parliament, 2003). Any employer who requires his employees to work beyond these hours time must provide overtime remuneration. Such working hours must also be understood to include breaks in between them to allow employees to work better (Yuile et al., 2012). This provision was enacted to ensure that workers are able to even out and balance their work and private lives, where more time is left for the workers to spend with their families in order to improve their psychological situations (European Parliament, 2003). There is the holiday entitlement act requires employers in the UK to allow their employees to take a 5.6 week annual leave every year (Gov.uk, 2014). In addition to this, there are also paternity and maternity leaves that employees are entitled to. These leaves allow them to keep off work to rejuvenate their minds (Hill et al 2010). Employers must therefore ensure that such leave is adhered to and consequently the employees are in a better position to improve their work-life conflicts as they spend more time with their families. Certain organisations go to the extent of paying for holiday for their employees, especially their top management employees, during these periods of leave (Makela & Suutari, 2011). Conclusion This paper has addressed several aspects of work-life conflicts at the workplace. These include its causes, consequences and approaches that companies can use in overcoming this challenge. It has also referred to some theoretical frameworks to help in creating an understanding of this subject. As argued in this paper, work-life conflicts have a major impact on the productivity of employees. This conflict is brought about by several factors which include the heavy workloads that individuals may be accustomed to at their homes and workplaces, work to family interferences and family to work interferences. All these affect the physical and mental capacities of employees, affecting their ability to handle their workplace and family responsibilities. In order to avoid these adverse consequences, organisations need to adopt various mechanisms to ensure that there is a work-life balance among employees. Employers are also legally bound to ensure that their employees are not overworked at the expense of their families. References Armstrong, M. (2008). Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. London: Kogan Page. Clark, S. (2000). Work/family border theory: a new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53, 747-770. Crush, P. (2011, 6 18). What happened to our work-life-balance. The Guardian . European Parliament. (2003). Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time. Retrieved 6 19, 2014, from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32003L0088:EN:HTML Ford, M. T., Heinen, B. A., & Langkamer, K. L. (2007). Work and family satisfaction and conflict: a meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (1), 57. Gov.uk. (2014). Holidays, time off, sick leave, maternity and paternity leave. Retrieved 6 20, 2014, from https://www.gov.uk/browse/working/time-off Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: an ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111-126. Inman, M., O’Sullivan, ?N., & Murton, ?A. (2014 ). Unlocking Human Resource Management. New Jersey: Routledge. Lapierre, L. M., Hammer, L. B., Truxillo, D. M., & Murphy, L. A. (2012). Family interference with work and workplace cognitive failure: The mitigating role of recovery experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81 (2), 227-235. Legislation.gov.uk. (1996). Employment Rights Act 1996. Retrieved 6 20, 2014, from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/part/V Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2014). Gender egalitarianism and work–life balance for managers: Multisource perspectives in 36 countries. Applied Psychology, 63 (1), 96-129. Lyonette, C., Crompton, R., & Wall, K. (2007). Gender, Occupational Class and Work–Life Conflict: a Comparison of Britain and Portugal. Community, Work and Family, 10 (3), 283-308. Makela, L., & Suutari, V. (2011). Coping with work?family conflicts in the global career context. Thunderbird International Business Review, 53 (3), 365-375. McNamara, M., Bohle, P., & Quinlan, M. (2011). Precarious employment, working hours, work-life conflict and health in hotel work. Applied ergonomics, 42 (2), 225-232. Messersmith, J. (2007). Managing work?life conflict among information technology workers. Human Resource Management, 46 (3), 429-451. Rantanen, J., Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., & Tillemann, K. (2011). Introducing theoretical approaches to work-life balance and testing a new typology among professionals. In Creating Balance(pp. 27-46). Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2012). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Sanseau, P. Y., & Smith, M. (2012). Regulatory change and work-life integration in France and the UK. Personnel Review, 41 (4), 470-486. Sullivan, M. C., Yeo, H., Roman, S. A., Bell Jr, R. H., & Sosa, J. A. (2013). Striving for Work-Life Balance: Effect of Marriage and Children on the Experience of 4402 US General Surgery Residents. Annals of surgery, 257 (3), 571-576. ten Brummelhuis, L. L., Bakker, A. B., & Euwema, M. C. (2010). Is family-to-work interference related to co-workers’ work outcomesJournal of Vocational Behavior, 77 (3), 461-469. Turner, N., Hershcovis, M. S., Reich, T. C., & Totterdell, P. (2014). Work–family interference, psychological distress, and workplace injuries. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 3(8), 57-71. Tyson, S. (2012). Essentials of Human Resource Management. Oxford: Routledge. Yuile, C., Chang, A., Gudmundsson, A., & Sawang, S. (2012). The role of life friendly policies on employees’ work-life balance. Journal of Management and Organisation, 18 (1), 53-63.

Safeguarding Children

Unit TDA 2. 2: Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people – Task 2 2. 4: Describe the actions to take in respond to emergency situations, including Fires, Security Incidents and Missing children or young people. Fire and other emergencies Buildings need to be evacuated quickly in the event of a fire, gas leak or bomb scare. There will be clear procedures on how to do this in our school/nursery. These procedures must be displayed in each area of the school/nursery, giving information on: ? how to raise the alarm in the event of a fire, gas leak or bomb scare ? hat to do if you hear the fire alarm ? the route you should take – including a plan of the route from each room or area in the school ? the nearest assembly point – for example, in a playground. Registers should be available so staff can make a check that all children are safely out of the building. Information should also be given on what not to do, such as: ? not collecting or allowing children to collect personal belongings or put on coats ? not re-entering the building until you have been informed that it is safe to do so.As a teaching or learning support assistant, we may work in different areas of the school/nursery, so it is important that we know the different routes from each area that we work in. We should be given regular opportunities to practice evacuating groups of children from the building safely. This will give us more confidence in escorting the children safely and calmly. Security Security should be in place which minimizes the risks to children. We must know what these are and ensure that we follow the procedures at all times. These procedures will include: ? signing-in procedures/visitor badges security locks on doors ? procedures for collection of younger pupils ? registration. All visitors to the school/nursery should be identified by badges. If we are unsure about someone we see, we always should report our concern to someone higher up. When children are missing Security procedures should minimize the risks of children going missing from school, so it is essential that we follow school/nursery guidelines. We may be asked to accompany children on school visits and to supervise a group. Staff should make regular checks that all children are present.Some schools require children to wear fluorescent jackets or caps of the same color, so they can be easily spotted. If children are missing, staff must take action immediately by: ? reporting to the teacher responsible ? ensuring that other children are present and safe – checking the register ? checking all areas of the school or grounds ? informing the child’s parents ? informing the police. http://www. pearsonschoolsandfecolleges. co. uk/FEAndVocational/Childcare/NVQSVQCYPW/NVQSVQSupportingTeachingandLearning/Samples/Level2STaLISsamplematerial/Level2SupportingTeachingandLearninginSchoolsUnitTDA22samplematerial. pdf

Family Life Is Undergoing Drastic Changes as a Result of Industrialization and Modernization. Elaborate.

Family life is undergoing drastic changes as a result of industrialization and modernization. Elaborate. The family has changed a lot throughout time; this is a result of industrialization and modernization. Industrialization refers to mass production of products with machinery in a factory. Modernization is the development of social, cultural, economic and political practices and institutions, which are found in today’s society. Such developments and changes in society may replace religious beliefs with scientific beliefs, replacement of monarchies with democracy systems.After these changes in society the family structure changed; nowadays the family is smaller in size. Today the family only consists of two adults and no more than three children. Other modern family types are symmetrical families, where both parents share conjugal roles. The modified extended family is like the classic extended family but instead of all the family members to live in the same household they li ve close by. Due to death of a partner, divorce or having kids out of wedlock; Single parent families are quite common in todays society as well, this is where a lone parent heads the family.In some societies same sex couples are accepted to have their own family with children as well who are either adopted or surrogate mother. Nowadays the family is no longer a unit of production since it has lost functions due to industrialization and modernization where individuals study for a specific field and are not capable of carrying out certain functions that the family used to do. Therefore the family needs other institutions in the society to be able to live and maintain its family life.Nowadays the society has institutions for health and education; in the past school wasn’t compulsory, and not everyone could afford schooling for their children so they chose to make their children work so the family could earn more money. In the pre-modern society healthcare was not much of a conc ern, in fact it was something that was taken care of by the family†¦nowadays in the society we find a health institutions which therefore takes another function, which the family used to perform.Since the industrialization family changed because the father in the family had to go out of the house to work in a factory instead of working as farmers as most families used to do. This earned the family money so they could buy other products and services from the market since the family is no longer a unit of production. Nowadays religion beliefs are not given much importance and don’t effect most family lives. This is due to secularization, which is when the religion is not given importance when it comes to the country’s business.

A Comparative Essay Between 1984 and Brave New World Essay

It is interesting to note, before anything, the similarities between Brave New World and 1984. Firstly and rather obviously, they are both prophetic novels, they were both written in turbulent times, both suffering changes that could revert the future of the world. When 1984 was written, the world had just gotten out of a second war and the surprising rise of communism and their totalitarian government was frightening most of the western world. In George Orwell’s novel, the main concern seems to be the overtaking of a supreme, socialist totalitarian government/dictatorship. On the other hand, when Brave New World was written, the world had just been swept by a wave of mass production and consumerism, and that too is reflected in Aldous Huxley’s ultra-modern, test-tube baby, sleep-taught society. That is exactly what makes the two novels so alike and so different at the same time. To begin with both authors forecast a society of obedience and compliance, but on one hand, the Brave New World is also driven by consumerism and high advanced technology and drug abuse (soma, to ensure the happiness of the masses), † ‘Now- such is progress- the old men work, the old men copulate, the old men have no time, no leisure from pleasure, not a moment to sit down and think- or even by some unlucky chance such a crevice of time should yawn in the solid substance of their distractions, there is always some, delicious soma half a gramme for half a holiday [†¦] returning when they find themselves on the other side of the crevice, safe on the solid ground of daily labour and distraction†¦'†. Whilst 1984 is a bare, war stricken place with food rations and the like, â€Å"Outside, even through the shut window-pane, the world looked cold. Down the street little eddies of wind were whirling dust and torn papers into spirals, and though the sun was shinning and the sky was blue, there seemed to be no colour in anything, except in the posters that were plastered everywhere.† Both novels also similar in the aspect that most inhabitants do not seem to see a problem with the world they live in, most comply and obey, in Brave New World, most consume, but in both novels, there are the odd sheep. In Brave New World Bernard Marx, † ‘But he’s so ugly!’ [†¦] ‘And then so  small.’ Fanny rebels because he does not fit in made a grimace; smallness was so horribly and typically low-caste.† In 1984, Winston Smith rebels because he does not accept, â€Å"to the future or the past, to a time when thought is free, when men are different from one another and do not live alone- to a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone. From the age of uniformity, from the age of solitude, form the age of Big Brother, from the age of doublethink-â€Å". says Winston. Both novel seem to portray societies divided into castes, in 1984 there are three of them the ‘proles’, the ‘outer Party’ and the ‘inner Party’, the ‘proles’ are the uneducated masses, the ‘outer party’ are the medium working class, and the ‘inner party’ are the controllers. In Brave New World, the castes are a bit more literal, four in total, Alphas, intelligent and beautiful, have the high positions, Betas, not quite as ‘perfect’ as the Alphas, Gammas, part of the uneducated masses and finally Epsilons, similar in IQ to oysters, the workers and cleaners. Both novels can be regarded as ‘novels that changed history’, that is, when they were written it seemed that things were headed in the direction that both novels pointed out, and some people considered that it was the novels that ‘opened people’s eyes’ and showed them the way. However, many other people seemed to think that both were equally extreme to have actually concretized themselves.

A Background on Emotional Intelligence and IQ

A Background on Emotional Intelligence and IQ For many years lots of emphasis has been put on certain aspects of intelligence such as spatial skills, math skills, logical reasoning, verbal skills understanding analogies etc. Researchers were complicated by the fact that while IQ was able to predict academic performance to a significant degree and, in some way, personal and professional success, there was still something missing in the equation. Some of those people that they had fabulous IQ test results they did in life in a poor wayand someone is able to say that they were wasting their potential by thinking, communicating and behaving in a way that hindered their chances to succeed in their life later. Emotional intelligence (EI) in the other hand is the capacity, skill, ability or in the case of the trait emotional inteligence model it is a self-perceived ability which helps in order to control, access and identify the emotions of himself/herself, of others and of different groups. Many different structured models have been proposed to the scientific community but there is a great disagreement on how this term should be used. Despite these disagreements, which most of the times end to be technical, the trait emotional inteligence and ability emotional inteligence models, but not the mixed models, enjoy support in the literature and have successful applications in a variety of domains. The first roots of emotional intelligence we can say that it is Darwin’s work on the importance of second adaptation and the expression of the emotion for survival. Around the 20th century, although most of the traditional definitions of inteligence emphasized problem-solving and memory and generaly cognitive aspects, many influential researches in the intelligence field had shown how important are the non-cognitive aspects in the field of intelligence. In 1920 for example, E.L. Thorndike in order to describe the skill of understanding and managing other people he used the term social intelligence. In the same mann er, David Wechsler in 1940, described on intelligent behavior the influence that non-intellective factors have, and furthermore he argued that we should adequately describe these factors in order the models of intelligence to be complete. In the same manner Howard Gardner in 1983in his book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences he was the first that introduced the idea of multiple intelligences which included both intrapersonal intelligence which isthe capacity to appreciate one’s feelings, motivations and fears and to understand oneself and interpersonal intelligence which is the capacity to perceive the motivations, desires and intentions of other people. On the other hand Gardner’s opinion was that IQ scores only are not able to explain one’s cognitive ability. Thus, although the names given to the concept had a wide variety, there was a common belief that traditional definitions of intelligence and IQ scores only were lacking in ability to ful ly explain the cognitive performance outcomes of a person. The first one who used the term â€Å"emotional intelligence† is usually attributed to the doctoral thesis of Wayne Payne, A Study of Emotion: Developing Emotional Intelligence which was made in 1985. However, prior to this, the term â€Å"emotional intelligence† had appeared in Greenspan in1989 and in Leuner in 1966 also put forward an EI model, followed by Mayer and Goleman, and Salovey.The distinction between ability emotional intelligence and trait emotional intelligence was introduced in the start of the 21st century.

Texas History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Texas History - Essay Example He further states that the region is called ‘Land of Contrasts’ owing to its variation in landscape since four out of eight geographic terrain making up North American Topography marks the state (3). Schmidly states that the Grasslands stretch from Canada to the High Plains till the prairies, sandy beaches and marshes marking the coastline, in addition, the western region of the state is overshadowed by the mountainous ranges and desert, which are separated by Rio Grande, a major river of Texas (307). He further states that in the east, Big Thickets and Pineywoods represent sections of the forest that stretches all the way till the Appalachians, in the south a subtropical Rio Grande Valley dots the southern Texas, these landscapes meet in Central Texas where the country includes a mixture of grassland, shrubs and forest (307). McComb states that the average rainfall recorded drops from fifty-eight inches per year in the east to eight inches in the west, while heavy snowf alls are a rare commodity but there are records of blizzards on the High Plains (5). He reveals that despite of the southerly breezes the summers are quite hot, during the 1980 summer, the temperature of 105 to 110 were common in the state which permits a prolonged growing season in the south (7). Procter and McDonald state the sufficient archeological evidence exists which confirms the fact that migrants belonging to Asia crossed the Bering Land Bridge forty thousand years ago and became the early occupants of America collectively known as Paleo Indians (3). They divulged the fact that archeologists unearthed the oldest human signs in the state almost thirty thousand year old whose cultural complexes are known as Lano and Falsom suggesting that Paleo Indians made Texas their abode for thousands of years. Foster indicates that early study reveals that the native tribes of Texas exhibited a broad range of cultures and lifestyle, reflected by their abstinence and settlement patterns o ver the state (233). He is of the opinion that most of them were agriculturist who constructed villages near the major rivers, while small proportion of them were dispersed groups whose mean of sustenance were fishing, collecting local plant products and hunting small woodland games. He further stated that spanning the stretches of Central, West and South Texas were semi nomadic groups who moved occasionally to other states of America for subsistence and followed the traditions of Homo Sapiens of the Old World which thrived thirty thousand years ago. Q.2) Identify the important explorers of Texas. What motivated these men to risk their lives in a distant, inhospitable land? Answer) According to Bolton and Barker, Spanish occupation of Texas did not happen by chance, it was a result of a series of pre-planned explorations of the land with the suitability of settlement in mind (1). He suggested that the main reason behind the capture other than the French advances in the region, was t he search of kingdom of Quivira, a part of myth and romances associated with Texas, where crockery was manufactured of precious metals such as those of gold and wrought plate, even their vessels, tips of arrows and lances were made out of gold due to it being in plentiful supply and no other metal were known for its existence along with another myth that the kingdom of Texas has lavishly built towns and buildings where grain grew in such abundance that it was fed to their horses (2). Klos is of the opinion that the European powers made Texas a ‘horse and gun’ junction, French and the English traders traded guns with the Indians in Texas to win over their

Public International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Public International Law - Essay Example Sovereign countries have well structure court systems, which adjudicates on the offenses as committed and presented. However, individual states are sovereign and cannot be sued by the virtual of independence. The domestic court systems therefore cannot adjudicate against another country, as before the law, independent countries are not sued. However, the domestic legal systems often meet the challenge of adjudicating against state persons such as the heads of government and diplomats for the reason that these persons enjoy immunity from law as provided for by the domestic laws. This has been the background upon which the establishment and running of the international and regional court system is based1. International law has provisions of covering accused persons to avoid prosecution over criminal acts though under specific conditions. Whereas functional immunity covers individuals who perform specific duties in a country, personal immunity is a privilege enjoyed by persons based on the office they hold within a state. Foreign officials usually charged with specific functions of a state often enjoy immunity from the treaty law as well as customary international law. The provision has it that as the persons perform the duties assigned; they are covered against prosecution for any instance of any criminal offense committed. The coverage prevails even after the official stops performing the state duty. It would only cease to apply in the event that the sovereign country ceases to exist and is therefore said to ride on the sovereignty and dignity of a country. Heads of government, states senior ministers as well as cabinet members are example of official responsibilities to which the immunity covers2. The individual occupying the positions would not be prosecuted for any criminal offense committed while in office. Nevertheless, the persons are liable to prosecution only after their term of office is over only for criminal offenses committed before as well as after their occupancy of the specific office. Moreover, the prosecution may cover offenses committed at personal discretion while in office though this often raise concern of the clarity of the provisions. However, emerging concerns in the international legal procedures are that the provisions should only apply to domestic or local civil liabilities and should not apply to international crimes. The essence of the international legal framework would be compromised in the instances where persons and states stand covered against the course of justice by such immunity. On the other hand, customary international law confers such an immunity against prosecution to individuals holding certain offices in the civil, administrative as well as criminal jurisdictions. Agents on diplomatic assignments abroad together with their families are such examples of persons enjoying such privileges of coverage against prosecutions for criminal offenses committed during their tenure in office. Under this type o f immunity, some privileges are inviolable and includes private residence, correspondence, property of an official enjoyments and papers3. The privileges covered on the personal immunity include the cover against arrests as well as detention, civil and administrative jurisdiction, as well as criminal jurisdiction and other such crimes committed over the period. This provisions is based on the needs for sovereign

Marketing Ogden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Ogden - Essay Example Motorcycle Classics is devotedly read by the young, middle aged and old aged people who are true motorcycle enthusiasts and live the dream of collecting and sharing information about the great iron rider. The marketing campaign for the chosen titles of Ogden Publications will be based on the concept of integrated marketing communications. According to Tony Yeshin (1998), integrated marketing communications refers to the coordination of several promotional techniques in a campaign in such a manner that the marketing objective is fulfilled. Ogden Publication needs to utilize a mix of integrated marketing tools such as public relations, direct selling, advertising, sales promotion etc. A very effective way for Ogden to promote and further strengthen its brand is through the effective use of social media marketing. The interactive form of PR will allow Ogden to communicate directly with its audience. Information about special issues, Ogden promotional fairs, sponsoring events and tips on adapting to a sustainable lifestyle will be delivered to the customers easily. The quick response about any new initiative by Ogden will serve as a feedback which would open doors for further improvement . The fans of Motorcycle Classics would find social media a great opportunity to exchange their knowledge and tips on bike riding, new and old models and finest motorcycle maintenance essentials. Fans of Mother Earth News and Utne Reader will share their views on a healthy lifestyle and personal DIY techniques effectively. It is a big challenge for Ogden to maintain the same feel and look across both online and print media. The most important way to do so is to identify the brand tone. This means that Ogden must decide if it wants to communicate in a formal or informal tone with its customers. Once identified and agreed, it must design marketing and PR campaigns in such a manner so as to maintain formality/informality in all online, print and face to face

Computer networking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer networking - Research Paper Example The connectivity that has connected individuals in the present digital age has become possible due the linking together of computing devices. Technically advanced devices and their increasing usability have assisted in connectivity among individuals. Communication and connectivity have never been as easy as they are today. Neither is it required to get into the hassle of arranging hardware for establishing connectivity nor is it as timely as it used to be just about a decade back. There are several means by which connectivity may be maintained. The basis of it all however lies in the fact that it mainly is computer networking that enables the establishment of this connectivity. The establishment of connection between two or more computing devices is referred to as Computer networking. This network among computing devices may be established via either local area networks or Wide Area Networks. The connection may either be wired or un-wired. The unwired connections are referred to as Wireless Networks. The computing devices that are part of a network are said to be its units. The most suitable and feasible of networks is the Local Area Network. Once the LAN has been set up, the proposition of converting it into its better WLAN form become comparatively easier. Computing resources that are present within a physical boundary over a small area can be connected together via hardwired physical connections. It is this type of a hard wired connection which is referred to as a Local Area Network. â€Å"Universal components consist of the physical media that connect devices, interfaces on the individual devices that connect to the media, protocols that transmit data across the network, and software that negotiates, interprets, and administers the network and its services.† (Knowledgebase, 2012) Computing devices connected via a network

Foreign Direct Investment can have both positive and negative impacts Essay

Foreign Direct Investment can have both positive and negative impacts on both the host and home country - Essay Example These can be in the form of outright acquisition of a firm or a joint venture or construction of a facility. It can also include an association with a local company to gain rights for attendant input of technology (P. Graham and R. Barry Spaulding, n.d.). â€Å"It was twenty years ago that the late Stephen Hymer wrote his seminal thesis on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and multinational enterprises (MNEs). Since then the literature on these subjects has increased substantially and taken different directions, placing the multinational firms at the crossroads of many disciplines and of many debates as well†. (A.L. Calvet, p.43) Foreign direct investments of larger magnitude have deep effects on the economy of both the entities. Here with the help of real examples, it will be discussed how these effects can be positive as well as negative. As for this purpose we are focusing on both the host and home countries separately, so the advantages and disadvantages will be considered s eparately as well. But for the record it must be highlighted that these advantages and disadvantages are not fixed but, on the contrary, they are relative to both the host and home countries and their collective policies. HOST COUNTRY: ADVANTAGES The biggest advantage that a host company can derive from foreign domestic investment (FDI) is the globalization of its operations. Many large countries are focusing on it, e.g. China is the largest FDI host in the developing world. To compensate for the advantages that could be derived from these foreign investments, China has undergone significant changes with respect to its policies related to the FDIs. Until the mid 1980s FDIs were focusing on the construction sector involving the construction of hotels and apartments in the tourism and service industry. In 1986 China issued a new policy which encouraged the FDI into various other technically advanced sectors. These included manufacturing enterprises whose main focus was export and some basic industries such as new materials and agricultural. After these changes approximately 60% of the total foreign investments were part of the manufacturing sector of China (Yingqi Wei, Xiaming Liu, 2001). But from 1994 onwards, the investment boom in China seemed to go downhill. The statistics for foreign direct investments in terms of projects and contractual agreements turned negative and the growth rate of realized FDI also fell. The trend continued till 1999. But then in 2000 China recovered and since then it has closely monitored the inflows and outflows related to the foreign direct investments into its entities (Yingqi Wei, V. N. Balasubramanyam, 2004). Similarly Chile has been a FDI friendly-nation in Latin America. An agency of United Nations in Chile named The Economic Commission for Latin America and The Caribbean (Eclac) reported an inflow of USD 8.03 billion making Chile the third largest foreign direct investment in South America. FDI in Chile is mostly focused in the sector of mining. A survey by UNCTAD has shown that inward FDI in the developing countries has risen from $481 billion in 1998 to $636 billion in 2006. Among China and Chile other countries benefiting from foreign direct investments include Singapore, Philippines and India in Asia and other

Comparison and Contrast between life before internet and after Essay - 2

Comparison and Contrast between life before internet and after internet - Essay Example Likewise, telephonic messages that actually came into existence before internet helped people in conveying messages from one place to other regardless of geographical location. This particular fact provides evidence that life of people before and after internet has been quite similar in relation to the messaging system. This is because the system of exchanging messages through text messages and mails tends to be quite similar. Internet has resulted in changing peoples’ life pattern, however, the rudimentary social pattern of life has remained the same irrespective of the changes induced by internet. It has been revealed that the communication system of youngsters have persisted to be the same i.e. most of them use the conventional means of social interaction wherein internet is executed like a telephone.Therefore, it can be affirmed that the life of people before internet and after internet has remained the same in relation to their social interaction process and psychological well-being. In fact, internet has created a platform for enhancing the traditional interaction process along with evolving relationships amid individuals in the society. Thus, the social and psychological paradigms of peoples’ life have been quite similar before and after the initiation of internet. On the contrary, there has been a huge difference in the life of people before internet and after internet. People in order to entertain themselves used to devote more time to watching television or through other means such as visiting parks.

Confessions of St. Augustine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Confessions of St. Augustine - Essay Example To know God, one needs to substantiate the inner awareness about God. The humans are the hearers of the Word of God; God communicates to us. The Word of God does not hard and fast refer to the divine, holy, and religious books; but for this it needs to establish a relationship between human beings and God. This relationship is nothing but that what we call "prayer." Praying to God exhibits our intention to hear and respond to God who is well coexisted within the souls of all of us. The prayer asks for surrender to the faith associated with the path full of suffering toward God. St. Augustine says "For Thou hast made us for Thyself and our hearts are restless till they rest in thee"with reference to these sufferingsor in other words the "spirituality" which is like an opportunity forinternal emotional growth. The terms "heart" in a broader sense refers to the soul or spirit with adding to its limited meaning of affections andsensations. This heart remains filled with restlessness in terms of desire for, with real consciousness and an urge toward, the unconditional, ultimate, and unrestrictedTruth. The life of Augustine, until he found the internal relationship with God, remained full of miseries, sins, lusts, wicked thoughts, etc. These words of Augustineindicate that the true essence oflife lies at"conversion" of human with God, the Creator. The image of God is coexisted withinallhumans ever since the onset;but due toour sins that image gets lost causing a barrier between us and God. Since there isthis barrier, in between, wecontinue to be restless and unh appy; when the reunion is establishedthrough the conversion we feel the ecstasy. The early life of Augustine was highly influenced by negative episodes that filled hislife with sinfulness. He viewed the human nature as wicked and proneto doingnothing good. If anything good comes, it comes from and through the power of God; Augustine praises the power of God. This is the reasonwhy he was led to the knowledge ofhuman nature and finally to achieve true happiness when he found God.The carving for something beyond is a natural tendency in all of us. We just cannot feel the peace of mind through the experiences of our life for which we pose questions to meaning. There always remains a thirst for satisfying light and some inner security with regard to the mysterious world around. This process starts from the birth till the moment we die. If we start surrendering ourselves to the mystery of life, at least then onward, we happen to be on the way of searching for something indefinable; and this search find us to arrive at the greater realities that surround us. The definit ion of spirituality could be given as to be the response to man's awareness of God whenhuman sees God as present and responds to Him. The method of this may vary among different religions. To converse the path of life made of "materialistic" success into the path of "spiritualistic" gains, we needthe awareness ofGod. Augustine was, maybe, the greatest man in this regard who found his triumph tosolve the queries and mysteries of life with mastery over the awareness of God.This is the result why his "confession" standsunique with no comparison in spite of

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Example for Free

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay In this play there are three main characters Blanche, Stanley and Stella. The play is set in New Orleans in a place named Elysian Fields which runs between L N tracks and the river. Stella and Stanley are married and living together as man and wife in their little apartment. Blanche is Stellas sister. Blanche and Stella both used to live in Belle Reve. Blanche turns up on Stellas door step having lost Belle Reve and her job as a teacher. She has no money and no place to go. She is relying on her sister and her husband to support her. On her arrival she insulted Stellas husband and Stella herself but still expects them to look after her as if it were their duty. Blanche takes them both for granted and in scene one says Im not going to be put up at a hotel. I want to be near you. As soon as Blanche sees Stanley she finds something strangely attractive, she doesnt know why or what it is, he is distant towards her, does not pay her compliments like she is used to and she finds this attractive, he is quite a challenge to her even if he is her brother in law but there is something there that she finds irresistible, the first time they meet he is very blunt in the way he talks and brash, he has no respect for women of any kind, he does what he wants, when he wants and how he wants to do it, the first time they meet he walks in asks if she minds if he takes his top off after a long day at work but before she replies he has already removed it, he wasnt really interested in her answer it was just like a formality a moment of politeness. This is when she notices him and sees something she likes. This makes us think that Blanche may be jealous of the relationship between her sister and Stanley. Perhaps she likes the idea of this man treating her differently to the way she has been treated before, she likes him having power over her, being manly In scene two Stanley questions Blanche on the loss of Belle Reve. Blanche is secretive and tries to avoid the subject, she does not want to argue over such trivial matters and should not want to upset her sister who is listening to their discussion but Stanley can see straight through her pretty, womanly ways, he wants the truth and he knows that she is hiding something, she tries to act dumb papers, what papers she asks when Stanley asks to see the legal documents on Belle Reve. When Stanley does find papers Blanche says they are love letters and he must not touch them (changing the subject to try and distract Stanley from what he wanted to see or might find) Sister in law or not he knows something has happened that will affect Stellas inheritance and through the Napoleonic Code will effect him. Blanches flirtatious ways will not win Stanley over where this is concerned. Stanley can see straight through her womanly ways and will not be distracted.