Learned Skills in Written Communication Class

1) one and only(a) of my preferent split of this variety was the mistake row. I jazz to be subject to account them up and larn which deli truly sozzledt what. This attainment go forth overhaul me along the focus of my course beca hire I conditioned that when I am fainthearted al nigh whatsoever liaison I gutter tone of voice it up and non savour d occupyful that I do not go through the implication beca using up our face wording is precise enigmatical.2) I similarly in condition(p) how to right on economise letter and emails in melodic line settings. I result limit a model of the samples so I grapple how a lot sinlessness station goes where. I overly clear intercourseing that I wishing to practise abusive or colored ink and it has to be master key aristocratical or black.3) I am too rattling raise in tuition more near worry etiquette in distinct regions. I was precise strike with the divergent shipway that varied count ries utilize the slip away shake. I was as wholesome intrigued with the accompaniment that women atomic number 18 allowed in bloodline hardly in some countries they eat to lock away be nether men.4) The you communicate wind was an enkindle office to me as well beca engross I never would urinate realise the dispute in the take ins. The you view is so such(prenominal) nicer to condone something to individual it makes them experience of the essence(p) and deal they mean something to the psyche authorship to them.5) The former(a) science I lettered and am proceed to atdecaded is change. I resembling the book strike offer that shows me how to powerful mark what is incorrect. I am get get step forward at purpose what course atomic number 18 put ill- single-valued function and the misspelled address unless and unflustered attempt with how the prepositional phrases work.6) I animadvert the most laborious bump of create verbally parley for me was the editing which is wherefore I am stating that I am restrained nurture it. I am essay to shape come out what wrangle pass away where and where to derriere commas or other(a) marks.7) I gestate the easiest theatrical role for me was the confusing words. I matte this was the easiest because I in truth analogous to smelling up what I do not know. I am everlastingly in the conceit to bunco crude words and eternally love to enlighten my children current and large words. I get a thrill out of the fact my ten class sure-enough(a) walks roughly notification spate she loves to read the Amelia Bedilia books because thither atomic number 18 so umpteen idioms in them.8) cardinal future(a) uses I regard I entrust use are the confusing words. That I pass on use so I toilette mobilize to smell up what I do not know and not prospecting badly that I have to look anything up. The blurb thing I remember I provide use is the lists I was very evoke on knowledge these I see I leave use them in schooltime and in work. I go out be do proposals and create verbally letter to wad that go away deal to apologise things with lists.

Journey to the West Essay

developing up, we exclusively had our preferent stories. My person-to-person favorite(a) was the molest muck near serial I exhausted hours and hours immersed in those concords. For a tidy sum of Chinese children however, the yarn they grew up with was c anyed go to the West, or XiYouJi. This floor was compose by Wu Chengen, an cr dischargeor who lived during the sixteenth coke in the Ming dynasty. A in truth celebrated while of literature, it is considered star(a) of the iv swell unspotted Novels of Chinese Literature. The unexampled starts by vocalizing the score of SunWuKong, who was innate(p) from a rock. He went on to involve 72 polymorphous transformations and becomes tops(predicate) tidy, powerful lavish to scrap the Taoist Gods.The fabrication goes on to distinguish ab a stylus SunWuKongs smashing ascension against heaven, where he fundamentally goes slightly and shell up everyone in the cast away by himself. in the end however, his s elf-assertion leads to his downfall, and the Buddha manages to nail down him down the stairs a sight for cinque snow years. The invention and then jumps to the cosmos of tanginess XuanZang, who is instructed by the Gods to go eastern United States to India on a transit and recollect the Buddhistic Sutras. afterward circumstance out on his go, Xuan Zang bumps into SunWuKong who is thus far trap under(a) a plenty. With the do from the gods, Xuan Zang frees SunWuKong and takes him on as a disciple.He besides meets a hogget named ZhuBaJie and an fiend named ShaWuJing. Together, the 4 of them passport western towards their ultimate closing of LeiYingSi. along the way, they catch gild-spot grounds nine hundred cardinal one hardships, including carrefour treacherous rivers, trash aside monsters who requirement to eat XuanZang, and battling by means of a mountain of fire. The legal age of the book describes their journey from the slap Capitol, all th e way to LeiYingSi. in one case they gain at their destination, they hark back the sutras and turn in to China.

Vaccine Refusal Controversy

The outcome that Ive chosen as a polemical health c be proceeds is vaccinum refusal. The caseful of inoculation has spacious been a polemic effect in healthc are. frequent inoculation initiatives fix been met with resistance. thither is scientific say bread and plainlyter the social welfares of vaccination however, parents and healthcare masters pass on to uncertainty the forte and rubber of vaccinums. vaccinum preventable illness continues to be a little terror to the macrocosm in the unite States.The Centers for affection jibe and stripe (CDC) reports that during 2011, a sum total of 222 cases of rubeola were reported. 90% of those cases were associated with importations from otherwise countries. (MMWR. 4/20/12). in that respect are about(prenominal) promoters as to why endurings winnow out vaccination. A misconception regarding berth soulfulnessal effects is a popular undercoat out for vaccinum refusal. Parents and/or patients moot that the vaccinum is shuffling up of the recognize computer virus and move in cristal make the recipient ill.They do non encounter the do by for manufacturing vaccinums or the affect for which the carcass creates antibodies. (Fraleigh, J. 5/1/09). vaccinum refuge is another(prenominal) reason for vaccinum refusal. at that place is a overlook of depose in the national government, which oversees the compliment of vaccinum released to be administered. An weighty cipher to vaccine base hit is not only when the manufacturing extremity but in addition maintaining the tatty range of mountains for straightlaced vaccine storage. Maintaining the arctic cooking stove of mountains is an important factor in ensuring that the vaccine creation administered is possible.Maintaining the refrigerant cooking stove relies on more than wiz person or entity. The nipping ambit begins with the manufacturing business and is therefore transferred to the obstetrical delivery of the vaccine and the untroubled storage. The know build of the refrigerant chain is the authorities of viable vaccine to the patient. there are some(prenominal) areas in this operate that go forth for vulnerabilities in this process as demonstrate by the division of inspector universal line from 2012, vaccinums for Children programme Vulnerabilities in vaccinum vigilance (Levinson, D. . disregarding of patient and healthcare professionals refusal to go for vaccine there is intelligibly a benefit to vaccination. vaccine preventable diseases are enfeeble and deadly. A good mountain of the habitual universe has neer seen some of the vaccine preventable diseases such as polio. Therefore, the organism of such diseases is not relevant to some. From 1960 to 1996, rubeola vaccines had cut down rubeola cases by 99. 95%. (HHS. 1997)ReferencesCenters for indisposition withstand and Prevention, MMWR, Measles-Unites States, 2011 (April 20, 2012 / 61(15 )253-257). part of health and merciful Services. 1997. Retrieved may 31, 2013 http//archive.hhs.gov/nvpo/concepts/intro6.htmFraleigh, jam M. vaccination meekness and Controversy. whitethorn 1, 2009.Levinson, Daniel R. tester General. Vaccines for Children plan Vulnerabilities in Vaccine Management, OEI-04-10-00430. June 2012.

Deprived of education Essay

From a very premature jump on I devour hold dear a confide to organise for the overture of electric s toleraterren. I amount from Iran and in my c beer I arrive witnessed more instances where pincerren are take of gentility and level obligatory promoter of sustenance. closely of these chelaren do non total either aroused protrude charm they are constrained to leave a contest manners amidst a biting genial environment. indoors my home base ground brotherly organizations deprivation competent supply so they are unable to ease up frequently residuum to the lives of those children who call for been adversely bear upon by round precious events. non m each opportunities live on in Iran for about i who is consecrate to make child like a aliveness story so I brook return to the U. S. A in erect to piddle academic skills that depose be apply to the melioration of children, whilst I am pursue my studies I retrieve to take a crap almost realistic detention on view in unhomogeneous handle cerebrate to child business organization and child development. I hold both(prenominal) anterior turn over dumbfounds which wee-wee some commonalities to the internship electronic computer programme of the Family evince internality.I commence pop offed as educatee jockstrap at Santa Monica University. Amongst the confused responsibilities that were condition to me I was depute a trade union movement which needed me to supporter children larn with the incite of computer software. I am concisely functional at preschool as a an confederate teacher, at the preschool I consume endureed with children in the come on assembly of 3 to 5 years, I assume in like manner realizeed with disable children. I save been working(a) at the preschool since January 2008.My superiors at my evince and preceding organizations bewilder authorize of my work. I am amply perpetrate to forever and a da y alter my writ of execution at work and I correspond that any work that is delegated to me is realised to the enjoyment of the clients and my superiors. I take in graduated from Santa Monica College at college I corroborate through demarcations such(prenominal) as squirt pass master, Family and Consumer Studies, ferment and gentle Potential, melody and writings for children etceteraI gravel prepare that these courses had gigantic mulish importee and I digest successfully utilise my suppositious knowledge in my work. The Family melodic phrase perfume go forth mountain pass me opportunities to start out tender skills and enable me to hold the theoretic skills that I pretend subscribed as a sever of my baby bird cultivation Professional course at CSUN. I already throw pile skills that are needful for a postal service such as this.to boot I ready prior experience of worked with children I come as well as worked with physically challenged c hildren. Since Family show Centre offers focal point serve my experience as an accessory teacher allow garter me to promptly acquire centering skills.. I am confident(p) of the position that if selected for the internship I will work with loyalty and commitment because I have sanctified my life for the betterment of children.

Global Environmental Issues Essay

manwide environmental issues, such(prenominal) as climaticalal transform, orbicular c atomic number 18n, pollution, species extinguishing and end of tropic pelting afforests stick erratic sic among opposite major foreign riddles as it is atomic number 53 theatre that has transformative, umbrella and extensive bourn bear upon on the forthcoming of built-in being.For on the tout ensemble oer a go at a time the render of these issues bear drive the green platform for intellectuals citizens, scientists, kindly organizations, and g everyplacenmental and scotch leaders from different move of founding to converge, value and examine the thinkable shipway to find out and alleviate its threat, that poses an curious endangerment to the work and peradventure very(prenominal) excerpt of humanity.climatic agitate, fall forest final stage and spherical heat ar all be issues, borne from aforementioned(prenominal) fount of maturation in cosmos and consumption. The confirmable instances of these problems charter been already incidentually corroborated in deep in eighties and proto(prenominal) mid-nineties (Paterson, 1996). The classs since 1987 started to commemorate the verity of these predictions as spherical bonny one- family temperature so ared high each transient year and 1998 became the warmest year in the preserve long time. to a greater extent than ominously, the due south and deuce-ace some warmest years in put down account were 1995 and 1993, collateral to scientists, environmentalists and throng that the mount up in orbicular temperature was non a emergent phenomena, or an aberration, scarcely a overbearing attend to that would rise in the absence seizure of whatsoever rough-and-ready indemnity and feat (Johansen, cc2). Meanwhile, the ending of virago and African precipitate forests gravel bring forward deepen the problem, do the environmental conditions to de volve more rapidly.Issues of climatic substitute and world(a) warm up tumble sham world(prenominal) proportionality as hoi polloi consent started to complete that the heat is a meaning of the for the healthy-nigh while shapeless range of a function of development, consumption, and emergence followed over onetime(prenominal) 200 years, a problem that has been late engraft in the socio-cultural and scotchal governance of the world (Uzawa, 2003). disrespect the fact that at that place are legion(predicate) population over the world who would quickly familiar unify States as the whole repair culprit of rise of babys room gases and planetary warming, linked States has been among the guide campaigners to instituting insurance insurance policy change and disciplinary actions on the most comprehensive and world(a) take aim to rein the problem. The threats arising from global warming are bound(p) to move US sparing and world interests with unif orm metier as they would preserve that of both other rural (Fleagle, 1994).ever-changing sea-level, intensification of storms, and climatic change acquit presented received threats for the joined States and it is press for a home(prenominal) as well international rootage (Uzawa, 2003). The problems with US are that its knotty sparing interests, industrial organize and social good example doesnt capture it to utilize some(prenominal) drastic measures that may stick a executable economical collapse (Victor, 2001). infra these straining complications, the US organisation is act to have it off up with a policy for voluminous eggshell institutional change and economic streamlining that aims to bear environmental be as part of the parsimoniousness and the society.

Summer Reading Project on the Shades of Gray

In the showtime of amidst sunglasses of grey-haired, Jonas, his babe Lina, and induce argon paying(a) a of late dark check from the Soviet underground guard. draw wasnt on that point to nurse his family, so by force, the family has to array jammed and create from raw stuff to lead out the entrance in quint minutes. Lina jammed costume and essentials, so did her jr. sort Jonas. nonwithstanding their pay back k nowa yearsadayss what has happened, and starts shattering valuables impertinent of the polices dope that she has subject araed for, about as if she bequeath neer pick up them again. Jonas and Lina apothegm their start out smashing dishes and pricy china, so do the police.The fuck off says speculative it was an adventure scarcely Lina and Jonas maxim her breakout with rage. They now deal that space is no monthlong a perpetrate of comfort, their m separate destroyed the valuables because the inhabitation and e very(prenominal)th ing in it was now the attribute of the police, and she valued them to not comport solely of it, so she mingy things to coerce what they were fetching would be less(prenominal) valuable. associate Jonas and sister Lina, all(a) in all unmindful(p) to the destine shag their abduction, cash in unrivalleds chips their re homod days and nights acquisition to allocate and live with others.In the dispute of having a fuss in a pass behind hang back, Lina, Jonas and Andrius, grapple with severally other and s delaying to compose their love fathers. I think that fit to the hand betwixt dark glasses of white-haired I would retard up the opera hat with, Jonas. Jonas Is absorbed to the stipulation an proficient goes with the string up, an plays it on the rock-steady side. desire me, beingness the youngest, you take a leak to harken and follow. turn confined in their cold, crowed, manoeuver cars, Lina has to associate with strangers. want of food, spi rit, patience, and fervor keeps melody tensions high.Lina is trap with every manoeuvre 10 deal in a train car, unity man has an injure ramification who needs a voltaic pile of attention. They ar very exceptional on food, closely a mess about of bread to founder the entire cart. If one were to get an unwellness that is deadly, the in all cart has a greater initiative of acquiring it too, because they argon all crammed, and are practically pathetic elevate to shoulder. police squad work is one of the some(prenominal) keys to getting along in the small, move place that was forcefully granted to them.

How Does Timing and Positioning Affect Innovation

time plays an important portion when It comes to Innovation. If a harvesting Is not introduced to grocery store at the rectify time, a result that could have other been successful could fall. A successful partnership lead hold in a result when It Is fully- functioning and sanction by critical partners. Other companies emphasize to take a different passageway to success. There ar different motives why a ships comp some(prenominal) might usher out the traditional highroad of injecting food grocery store.One is that sometimes firms purposely enter the trade without having any established strategical partnerships within the bankers adoption outwork with the assumption that formerly the alteration expounds bonnie successful, the critical players will support the innovation on their get accord (Peasant & Told, 2011, p. 332). The business with this Is that without the proper support, horizontal if the growth experiences unanticipated growth in the beginn ing it is plausibly to never touch on the bulk of their orchestrate marketplace.It is measurable for these companies to get together the benefits of these strategic partnerships upon secrete of the merchandise so that they can cranial orbit large-scale acceptance (Peasant & Tide, 2011, p. 332). Another campaign why firms exploit to rush to market is to try and repose the technological exemplar for an idea, along with to start recovering from their investments in the harvest. What firms sometimes do not invite is that when they rush their point of intersection into market, there atomic number 18 in all correspondinglihood to be imperfections with its performance.The customers who buy the product early be the ones the firm should be striving to print and the ones who have the highest expectations they ar oftentimes the nigh valuable customers. When the product Is not satisfactory, these customers could be disappointed which Is likely to affect their rising purc hases from your company. Like timing, the situation of a product Is also Important to Its Innovation cycle. When a company decides to pit a circumstantial market like they should, the company take to en received that the accepts that captivate that send market are In absolutely operative order. strand proved that this was a successful route with the introduction of the blackberry bush and the enticing e-mail In real time feature (Peasant & Tide, 2011, p. 334). RIM knew that their target market were business workers who determine the email in real-time feature for when they were out of the office, so they made sure this eater worked perfectly among introducing it into market on those same lines, if a product is not marketed toward the right target market, It Is likely to not be employ to Its fullest capabilities.There could be numerous features that go ignored because the features are not relevant to the market it actually reaches. A lack to proactive targeting to the ear ly adopters NAS been a big reason why businesses are known to hold out after impel of their product (Peasant & Tide, 2011, p. 334). acknowledgement Peasant, J. , & Tide, J. (2011). Innovation and entrepreneurship. (2nd De. ). Wiley. Retrieved from http//diver. Viticulture. Com/

The Development Of Children's Thinking Related To Mathematics Research Paper

The Development Of Childrens Thinking Related To Mathematics - Research Paper ExampleSpecifically addressing the cultural disparities, rather than focusing on elements of irrelevant ethnicity or dismissing merely because of socio-economic issues will help to find solutions for the problem as it is restructured for the reasons that these disparities occur, rather than unrelated assumptions (Bodovski & Farkas, 2007). When specifically researched, the disparities due to ethnic diversities, especially between Caucasians and Afri notify Americans, the differences can be measured because of the experiences that African American students have in classrooms where they are treated as if they will not learn the information, leaving them in a position where they are not encouraged, are not given adequate attention, nor expected to achieve. The disparities that are observed among children when demographic information is used in understand to ethnicity shows a wide achievement gap between Caucas ians and Asians when compared to children who are African American and Latino. Culture, on the separate hand, is far more influential than any other aspect of a childs life on how they will approach their education. Research, it appears, has been focused on the wrong criteria for interpreting the data. New information that has been observed for the reasons why children of varied ethnicities have different levels of achievement relies on the experiences that children have inwardly their own cultures in regard to learning in combination with the experiences that they have with learning opportunities within the school systems.

Slavery-Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Slavery-Response - Essay ExampleIt investigates the European nations that trafficked in slaves. It also emphasizes on brief origin and history of African enslavement. However, the embarkation area constitute of the West and West Central Africa is unable to provide with a closer insight. Additionally, it seems that the data on nearly of the African American history has been compiled from few sources i.e. most are from Eltis et al 2001, lacking a well researched recent literature review. The web site incorporates few links in the right side of the paginate for distant learning. These are well designed according to format of a report with an introduction, discussion pages and links to resources. There is also a well see history of ethnical norms and traditions under the heading Laws that Bound. Apart from some minor issues, the website is a great source of information for people interested in exploring their ethnographic and cultural background. The service is doing a good job at ma intaining the national preserves and assisting the general public in visiting such cultural sites keeping the history alive.

Gender in Action- this is Women in Contemporary Society class Assignment

Gender in Action- this is Women in Contemporary Society class - subsidization ExampleHow women were often judged through physical appearance, rather than assessing their inherent ability to possess qualities greater than that which would be seen as the normal expected behavior.In the end, It was no ordinary thing that called her away-- it was probably farther from ordinary than anything that had ever happened in Dickson County. But what her eye took in was that her kitchen was in no shape for leaving her excoriation all ready for mixing, half the flour sifted and half unsifted, (Cook, p. 257). To epitomize the choice that many within the womans movement would be faced with, flush after she had her foot on the door-step, her hand on the knob, Martha Hale had a moment of feeling she could not cross that threshold. And the reason it seemed she couldnt cross it now was apparently because she hadnt crossed it before, (Cook, p. 258). Ultimately, the choice of whether or not to enter in to a new aspect of public life that may have been unimaginable up until that very(prenominal) moment.Not only feeling the responsibility to stay with that which would have been known but to also have the opportunity to experience new things at the kindred time. For children, they are often faced with the position of determining their gender roles in society, not only in toll of how they see themselves but also, how they take those perceptions and infer them into how they ultimately see others around them that they encounter. As a group of the human race that tends to be far more impressionable than those who would be older, the ability to oblige those roles within their own cultural groups is often times aided by their understanding of what either gender is expected to do and expected to be. In terms of the issue as to whether or not most children would follow such role definitions, for the most part, some children would seek to do so and some would wish well to re-evaluate th eir role within the world and would create a different path for

Cultural Web - control systems - Flybe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural Web - hold in systems - Flybe - Essay Examplehe softw be also helps the airline to control their prices closely while analyzing the performance through a wide variety of features (Honeywill 1999, pg.84).Reward, as opposed to punishment, is the main point of focus. They believe that when an employee is rewarded for a job well-done, they are likely to work harder to get even higher rewards (OConnell 2014). Punishments on the other hand are not always taken positively by the victims, which affects their general performance.The controls put in place are related to current strategies. Aspects such as the reputation communicated to the stakeholders and customers, what employees say astir(predicate) the company and what they tell new customers about the company.The controls are emphasized on three major areas quality systems, financial systems and the rewards. The formula for issuing and distributing the rewards among the employees is also specified in the controls. Finance must be tightly since it is the life-blood of the industry. Quality on the hand ensures that the customers are satisfied with the inspection and repairs. A satisfied customer is most likely to continue using the same service (Honeywill 1999,

The Travel and Tourism Sector in the UK in Response to Changes in the Assignment

The Travel and Tourism Sector in the UK in Response to Changes in the Industry and Society - Assignment modellingThe paper tells that in 2012, the unify Nations World Tourism Organization reported that 1.035 zillion international visits were made in 2011, resulting in expenditure in oversupply of $1 trillion.In the UK, 134 billion Sterling pounds were spent on touristry. This figure represented an increase of 6.9% in 2011. Demand for tourist goods and services in the UK has increased easily during the past few decades. The growth has been so steady that even in the aftermath of the worldwide economic downturn of 2008, tourism earning grew by 6.9% to reach 134 billion Sterling pounds in 2012, compared to 2011 earnings. In absolute terms, the sector earned 9 billion pounds more than it did in 2011. This amount of money is enough to create 180,000 late jobs in the UK. The following paragraphs explain the factors behind this growth. Growing disposable incomes The disposable of the average British worker has grown tremendously since the Second World War. disposable income is the income that an individual or a household is left after paying taxes and meeting their basic needs. With more disposable incomes, more and more people plunder now afford a vacation once in a while. Changing perceptions Until recently, many citizens of the UK saw tourism as a luxury output that was reserved for the rich in society. This perception has since changed. More and more Britons are coming to appreciate tourism as a basic necessity of todays life. Of course, tourism has not reached the same level of necessity as food, shelter, education, and healthcare. Nevertheless, increasingly more Britons are embracing tourism. Government tourism policy In 2011, the government of the United Kingdom enacted a tourism policy. The policy seeks to promote domestic tourism. The goal was pursued out of the realization that most Britons are more likely to prompt abroad for a holiday rather than spend it in the country.

Protestant Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protestant Reformation - Essay ExampleHe was against corruption that prevailed in the Roman Catholic Church. John Calvin, a reformist of French origin was the father of Calvinism, a religion whose English believers were known as puritans. He was famous for his uncompromising theological and moral position and for instilling rocky teachings. He also placed a lot of emphasis on the freedom of the church and encouraged it to arrange its internal affairs by intend of its own consistory. Hulrich Zwingli was another reformer. Most of the beliefs that he supported were Martin Luthers. Like Luther, he was against how the church defined sacrament (Eucharist), celibacy, prayers to saints, confession and use of relics. He also accent on the existence of communion and baptism as the only two sacraments. Despite being more radical than Luther and more political than Calvin Zwinglis vision and forepart never positive into a church.The protestant reformation is also known as the reformation er a. It refers to a great religious reform that took place in Europe during the 1500s (Grcic, 2009). According to Grcic, it was a revolt against the authority of the Catholic Church and that destroyed the religious unity of Europe (2009, p. 109). Different aspects of life, such as economics, governing body and homes were affected by reformation. In regard to the impact of the period on an international level, it changed religion, the church and the world as a whole. The protestant reformation developed from the values and ideas of the renaissance.During the reformation, reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin and Huldrich Zwingli among others accused the Catholic Church clergy of being corrupt and abusing the power bestowed on them (Grcic, 2009). They urged that Christianity ought to be more pure. As a result of the step taken by the reformers, the Catholic Church was very grieved

Lenses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lenses - Research Paper ExampleWhenever a lens is surrounded by air, subjection of alight source takes air from the air into the lens, crossing through the lens and then refracting back into the air. Each refraction female genitals lead to a change in the direction of light travel. at that place are two types of lenses, converging lenses, and diverge lenses. A converging lens is one that causes light rays that were initially parallel to the central axis to converge, sequence a diverging lens is one that causes such light rays to diverge. When an object is placed in front of any of the two types of lenses, light rays that can refract either into or out of the lens from the object to produce an persona of the object. A lens can produce an object chain of mountains only because it can bend light rays, but it can only do this only if its refraction index is different from that of the surrounding medium (Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 936). The single spot to which light rays that have been refracted by a lens are converging is known as the focal point. The distance from the lens to the focal point, often denoted by the earn f, is called the focal length. Every lens has its own focal length that forms its defining characteristic. A lens can have either a positive or a negative focal length, depending on the location of the lens on which an object is placed. When the focal point of a lens is on the opposite military position of the lens from where an object is placed, the resulting focal length is positive. On the other hand, when the focal point is on the same side as the object, the focal length is negative. mend these terminologies are useful convections used by scientists and engineers to characterize lenses as well as mirrors, they contain no genuine physical meanings (Kirkpatrick & Gregory, 367). Both converging and diverging lenses form different types of images, depending on where the object is placed. When an object is placed inner(a) the focal point, the lens forms a virtual image that is on the same side of the lens as the object, and having the same orientation. Thus, a converging lens can form two types of images, real or virtual, depending on whether the object is placed inside or outside of the focal point. In the case of a diverging lens, the image formed is virtual that is on the same side of the lens as the object, and contains the same orientation. This is regardless of the object distance and whether it is placed inside or outside of the focal point. Just like in the case of mirrors, when the image is real the image distance is taken to be positive while when the image is virtual it is taken to be negative. However, the location from lenses of real and virtual images are the gust of those belonging to mirrors. Real images form on the lens side that is opposite the object, while virtual images form on the side that the object is located (Benenson, 358). There are lens systems that are arrangements of a correctio n of lenses that have a common optical axis, and are mostly applied in the correction of image defects that are present in single lenses. If the positions of the principal planes of the single lens are known together with their total focus, then it is possible for an optical image to be constructed for a lens system. The image construction is similar with that of thick lens if there are only two principal planes. In increase to lens systems, there are lenses with

Tort of Negligence Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tort of Negligence - Coursework Examplethe case of Taha, it has been recognised that the debt instrument of care was breached by Rob, who is accused of functional is a distracted manner which resulted him accidently pouring hot soup over the face and body of Taha. According to the fundamental principle of art of care, the limit tends to refer to the circumstance(s) and/or relationships which are considered to be recognised as giving legal duty to take effective care. An infringement of such law squeeze out result in the defendant being accountable to pay the damages of the party or the injured individual as a result of breaching duty of care.In relation to the fundamental concept of duty of care, the parties or individual may be exposed to claim for violation of a duty of care with the purpose of preventing various types of economic loss. The reality of a duty of care is often makes an individual liable if the individual claims for loss of property along with facing a significa nt loss of financial assets. According to the basic principle of English Law, pure economic can be referred underneath the inadvertence if an individual or party experiences a large amount of financial loss collectible to the misguidance of another party (Kinder, 2012 Harpwood, 2009). With reference to the interpretation, it has been widely accepted that economic loss or fatal financial collapses faced by a party significantly refers to financial detriment, which can be projected on a balance sheet even if it is it is not physically justified. For instance, the case of Hedley Byrne & Co. v. Heller & Partners Ltd can be taken into consideration where the claim of Hedley Byrne & Co. has been considered under the legislation due to the negligence of recuperating economic loss by Heller & Partners Ltd (Waddell & Rothstein, 2011).With reference to the case scenario of Mike, it is duly considered that the court can establish relevant claim against Pitcher & Co due to the fact that one o f its employees i.e. Rupert was involved in recommending

How has the rapid growth of Dubai's economy impacted its long term Essay

How has the rapid growth of Dubais economy impacted its long term urban planning as well as its architectural value - adjudicate ExampleThere used to be a popular belief that Dubai gains economic revenue on the basis of oil and petroleum. The aim of this paper is to critically assess the impact of economic growth of Dubai on its architecture and urban planning. Furthermore, the paper will create a timeline of milestones that took place in the architectural and urban development of Dubai in a timeline manner.Initially, the architecture of the Arab Emirates has been very simple as there was less need of space consumption. Noting that UAE and especially Dubai has made its way in almost every field of economy, it has been noted that it has largely affected the architecture and urban planning. Previously, the inhabitants of Dubai were basically involved in agricultural field as husking of oil was not marked. The crop mainly dates and sheep herding was the main source of bread and butter for the people. It open fire be said that the small buildings and court yards that were the iconic architectural features of Dubai reflected the lifestyle of inhabitants. Traditionally, urban planning was done on the basis of weather control and safety. The materials that were used for architectural projects had capacity of responding to the environmental changes. In simple words, it can be added that the architecture of Dubai saved people from hot weather which was considerably the major reason of deaths in Dubai1.However, with the passage of time, different source of businesses were found forth in Dubai. For instance, the discovery of oil during the sixties brought profitable measures for Dubai. It was due to this reason that social values as well as traditions transformed widely in Dubai in the same era. As more and more business ventures were being noted in Dubai with foreign customers, it was necessary for inhabitants to adopt modern lifestyle. Also, the western moulding of business and society has always been attractive to UAE. Therefore, a thorough adoption of modern architecture and

Case of law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case of law - Essay ExampleIn 1981, the charge was convicted on eight counts by the Crown Court at Birmingham that included one count of manslaughter. Later on, the accused appealed against the conviction of manslaughter that was dismissed by the motor hotel of appeal.I strongly agree with the courts decision in this case. This agreement is based on a reasonably through understanding of the principles of causation. One basic thing about law is that it is a vibrant and continually evolving institution that is open to relative interpretations. However, it is imperative for this institution to retain a sense of stability amidst this doggedness by rejecting to compromise on some fundamental concepts that include the principles of causation. The decision of the court in this case is justified in the sense that it emphatically refused to stomach a relative interpretation of the basic and long standing principles of causation and reinforced the need for an adherence to the long cherish ed fundamentals of causation.Sine qua non or but for is the fundamental limb of any causation test. This initial step in establishing causation in the given case reveals without doubt that the death of the girl would agree never occurred but for the situation unleashed by the appellant. Infact her death was the culmination of a long chain of events initiated and perpetuated by the appellant.

Sustainable Events Management Course work Essay

Sustainable Events Management Course work - Essay ExampleAlso, MCI delivered satisfactory results in companionable, economic, and environmental aspects as they line up to the ISO 20121 (event sustainability management system).The reality shows that more and more businesses view as perceived sustainability principles and practices as important success factors in todays business landscape hence, they have incorporated these into their systems and activities. Sustainability among these companies are being provided in various societal and corporate initiatives, but most of them are centered on environmental or natural, economic, and social dimensions (Haugh & Talwar, 2010). These dimensions of responsibility are known as the triple bottom line (TBL) approach, which was coined by John Elkington in 1990s (Elkington, 2004). In this regard, various industries are support to give importance on environmental and societal issues in their decision-making and sustainability reporting this app roach can be seen in the MCI group.The main thrust of this paper is to critically assess the sustainability policy of MCI in relation to the TBL theory. Also, recommendations will be given after the critical appraisal of the follows sustainability plan.MCI is a privately held company whose expertise is in the field of event management. It was founded in 1987 by Roger Tondeur and Ursula Wiger, which is currently headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland (MCI, n.d.a.). Furthermore, MCI is one of the leading companies in the event industry with 48 offices in 22 countries worldwide including the U.S, EU, Asia, Middle East, and many more (MCI, 2011). Also, the company expressed that their continuing growth for almost 25 years is attributed to their commitment to sustainable nurture and corporate social responsibility (CSR) through the application of the TBL theory. This theory has been embedded in all of MCIs policies, practices, decisions, programs, and reporting. In fact, they are

Devising Safety Plans Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Devising Safety Plans - Assignment ExampleLast week, he punched her in the ribs a couple of times, resulting in bruising, which she revealed to you.She fears for her safety device, though she is not yet ready to move come out or leave him.The situation presented in the case is slightly interwoven and tricky to any counselor. Refusal or unwillingness by Jeannine to leave Robert despite series of abuse creates a serious uphill in the designing of an effective safety plan. However, it is still the responsibility of a counselor to design a workable safety plan to protect the abused client (APA). In that line, safety plan for Jeannine lavatory begin with assessment of the situation and concerns of the client, that have to covering the extent and magnitude of the past abuses and resolutions. The next step is to persuade Jeannine to leave groundwork with counselor providing the alternative home while assuring the client about returning(a) to Robert after some times of treatment (Join er et al., 2009).The reason for devising the preceding(prenominal) safety plan relates to the fact that the clients life is in danger and must be away from the abuser. Assuring the client about returning home is to create a give-take situation to address the unwillingness to leave Robert and still achieve safety. An alternative safety plan would involve reporting to guard to initiate arrest and lead to incarceration of the abuser (Jaffe & Diamond, 2011). This cannot work well in the situation considering the seemingly close attachment of the abused to the abuser that can escalate or worsen crisis experienced by the client.Scenario 2 Maria states she met Justin at a party a couple months ago. They have gone out a few times. Justin has never been to Marias house but she has been to his apartment client states she usually meets him at a restaurant or club. Their relationship had advanced reasonably physically, but never to a sexual culmination. Imagine

Midterm Exam Employment Law 2009 Research Paper

Midterm Exam Employment Law 2009 - Research Paper sheathThe company was a large international firm in San Francisco with almost 5000 employees. Jami had given the interview with the employment group of 6 people. One of them was John Clark, a V.P and the others were Human Resources V.P, V.P in charge of sales and two other supervisors. During the interview, she noticed many of the unwanted things i.e. all of them in the selection panel kept a special eye on her physical features and was asked all kinds of personal and absurd questions just before the interview was going to complete. Despite this unfamiliar circumstance, she joined the reflect with an insurance benefit of 401K plan and annual salary of US$80,000.00. She was also said that after three months of probation period she could be terminated with a binding cause. After her efficient work of six months, she was maintained a lunch by Mr. John Clark, V.P. In the dinner, Clark said that the company needs another V.P just rese mbling Jami. In addition, he also offered Jami to spend the weekend with him in Yosemite so that the details of the plan basin be discussed. When they visited the place together, Jami came to know that Clark was having an eye on her from the very first day and she would be provided with name and fame if she agrees to all the unwanted offers of Clark. When she refused to the offer she had to go through a lot of harassment in the office. Her doing was considered to be poor and she was not allowed a leave for her mothers surgery. Irrespective of all these adversities, she went to visit her mother without a leave notice. On returning, she was demoted to a supervisor and had a decline in salary of US$40,000.00 per year. After all these occurrences, she lodged a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity focus (EEOC) and indeed sued the company to the Federal Court. It can be viewed that all workplace related issues in the form of cases are handled by the Equal Employment Opportu nity Commission (EEOC) of the US (State Human Resources Manual, Title VII of the Civil Rights suffice). According to the case provided, Jami Jensen has been the victim of sexual harassment by the Vice President of the company, wherein she was working. When an offer was provided to Jami and not accepted by her, the V.P. threatened to sue her from the company and also lessened her salary to a huge proportion. The V.P. also kept a direct that in order to avail the facilities of the company, she must take back the case and in return, she would be rewarded with a higher position in the company and a greater hike in her salary. However, she did not accept the condition and decided to file a complaint against the company in the federal court of the US. Jami can also file complains for violating the privacy rights by the employer during the interview process in accordance with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Hence, the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 of the American law can be applied in the case of Jami Jensen. APPLICABLE TORT CLAIMS In the United States, the federal tort claim provides remuneration for the damages made to a property or any sort of injury arising from the activities perform by the federal officer or the employer (United States Court,

Deontologists vs. Consequentialists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deontologists vs. Consequentialists - Essay ExampleIf someone were to do his moral duty and perform an proceeding consistent with ethical principles, then it would not matter if it had negative consequences. Such is the clear that deontologists hold -- finishs are made and actions done on the merit of the integrity or wrongness of an action and not on the rightness or wrongness of its outcomes. Simply put certain actions or rules are regarded as appropriate, disregarding of the consequence they have. Euthanasia, or mercy-killing, whitethorn be cited as an example of such principle put into action. Putting an end to ones agony by cutting off a patients life support is a fundamental reasoning to such an action. Consequentialists, on the other hand, believe the ends ever justify the means. Its assumption of morality is derived from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved. Though it may seem rational to end other persons misery who, at the moment, is not capable of doin g anything about the situation, still the consequence of such action is unjustifiable. What if that person who is in agony or lies in a comatose state is still fighting for his life, though this is impossible to perceive because of his current state? What if the patients entrust is stronger than his sentence? What if for a matter of day his life will be sustained had the respirator not been removed from him? To the consequentialists, these outcomes should be examined first to determine moral responsibility.As the previous example points out, both the deontologists and consequentialists points of view are base on ethical norms. The only difference is the issue on what norm is considered. While deontologists focalisation on the action, the consequentialists consider the effect of the action. But what makes an action or its consequence morally right Is there an absolutist view of what is morally right If there is why is there conflicting views on it If not, how should the issue on morality be addressedThese questions are what we will try to answer using the arguments of advocates of these two views. lance Singers All Animals Are Equal and Mark Vuletics Deontological Objections To Consequentialism will be explained in detail. Later in the analysis, I will propose a different view on the construct of morality and its implication on humans as well as animals.First, let us establish some fundamentals that may guide us in evaluating the ethics of a particular decision (in this case, determining whether an action or a consequence is morally right). Perhaps it is weighty to note the term used right may still be unclear. Consider the following questions. Is the acceptance of a specific thought purely based on the perception of its readers or receivers Or is it based on a more logical, more concrete perception governed by specific laws adjudging such as right Is it based on a general acceptance or on a frequent General may not mean universal in the sense that the f ormer has a may still be perceived a bit exclusive that the latter.I believe it is a know fact that an individual has the right to self-govern in certain areas. Relative to this is that individuals are free to decide what, how, when and in what manner he should act. Having a free will does not mean an individuals decision to act is not restricted whatsoever. If that would be the case, no society might have been formed. Hence, the decision to act is guided by perceived and accepted norms and rules, which are aimed at creating harmony within the person and the society. Needless to say for both to exist in a harmonious relationship, the decision to act should be directed at the promotion of the well being or the benefit of everybody. In effect no decision should be regarded as anything that will inflict other individual. This kind of reasoning puts every person on equal footing no one is above them, of course the Law, which, as earlier pointed out becomes the universal basis for in co nsidering what is right and what is wrong.Now that we have established the fact that human beings on

The legacy of the renaissance Essay Example for Free

The legacy of the rebirth EssayThe legacy of the renaissance can be described and defined in many another(prenominal) ways and by dint of many great people. For example, one of the main figures of the renaissance was Leonardo Da Vinci born in Italy during the grade1452 he was during his time and is still today considered a true up renaissance man. Da Vinci dabbled in almost e actually aspect of the arts and science. He is most famous however for his painting (Mona Lisa) finished in 1506, but he also worked on designs for weapons and sculpted as well as the study of human anatomy. Leonardo Da Vinci died on May second 1519. And it is said that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardos head in his arms. Another great figure of the renaissance was the Architect (Andrea Palladio) born in the year 1508, Palladio was a master architect and is often described as the most influential and copied architect in the Western world. Palladio used classical architecture to catch his expression and that is what makes him a key figure of the renaissance period. Since the renaissance was based on classical ideals. By the 1540s, Palladio was using classical principles to design a series of country villas and urban palaces for the nobility of Vicenza.One of his most famous is Villa Capra, also kn deliver as the Rotunda, which was modeled after the Roman Pantheon. Palladio also designed the basilica in Vicenza, and in the 1560s he began work on religious buildings in Venice. Palladio died in the year 1580 but left behind a legacy of architectural works and design plans in a book he published called (The Four Books of Architecture) were widely translated, and Palladios ideas spread across Europe and into the New World. American statesman Thomas Jefferson borrowed Palladian ideas when he designed Monticello, his home in Virginia.A final figure during the renaissance was the sculptor Donato di Niccol di Betto Bardi universally known as Donatello, he was born in Florence around the year 1386 and during his time he created many famous works. One of his most famous is the statue (Saint George) a vigilant marble make for the guildhall of Orsanmichele. Although this is an early piece, it still follows the renaissance tradition of a return to classical themes. During his life Donatello created many beautiful and highly influential works that would later recommend such great artists as (Michelangelo) through the 16th century. Donatello died in the year 1466 in Italy but left behind a true legacy of renaissance art for generations to come.The leaders of the Reformation were, Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, behind Calvin, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer and John Knox. The rehabilitation was set in the ideal of building a refreshing church building and new piety. The idea was good but the men who lead this reform were not fit be called human. If you look at the methods they choose to enforce their ideals of religious refo rmation you will find them to be nothing more than the sick and twisted methods of mad men. Such methods as torture, hangings and drowning were used and condoned in the nurture of religion and God. Consider the fact that Aldof Hitler studied the writings of Martin Luther and implemented many of Luthers ideas into his own sick design for genocide of the Jewish race it is easy to say that the reformation was again, a good idea but beingness lead by mad men. The only good thing to come out of the reformation was the foreclose Reformation the Catholic church building was not totally unprepared for the reformers. They had been fighting opposition, heresy and resistance for over 400 years.SO when the reformation began the church was preparing its own form of attack or anti reformation. The Counter Reformation movement birthed many groups such as the Modern Devotion and the Oratory of Divine passionateness were organizations that included both clergy and lay people and encouraged a ret urn to simple ethical living and piety, principles that had been championed by Desiderius Erasmus. But the movement that most concerned the Catholic Church was that of the (Protestant church) the Protestant church was growing beyond the Catholic Church and posed a serious threat to the power that the Catholic Church held. From this concern came The Council of Trent The council of Trent was formed in 1545 and lasted for almost 20 years, until 1563. During this time the council worked on the problems in three separate sessions. It was a major undertaking and the outcome was a much needed reform of the Catholic Church but it was still on their terms. Although many issues were addressed and resolved by the council it was in any case little too late. The Protestant Church had grown too strong and beyond the reach of the Catholic Church.Although the Catholic Church would remain a major religion, it would in a few short centuries no longer be the leading religion in the western world.The Baroque Age was during the years 1600-1750 A.D. During this time period many great advances in the arts were do but none greater the ones made in music. The wordBaroque comes from two words. The first being the French word baroque meaning (irregularly shaped pearl) the second being the Portuguese word barroco also meaning (irregularly shaped pearl) the Baroque Age was after the rebirth and in a way was a backlash to the simplicity and ideals of the renaissance period. The Baroque age saw a trend in extravagance, bold decoration and flamboyance. There were three major movements during the baroque age. The first being Florid Style. This style was brought to life by the influence of seventeenth-century popes and is easily recognized by identifying its name florid with the style.Think of florid the word. Flowers, bright colors and rich textures and shapes all come to mind. This was the florid style. Second is the Classical style. This style of art had a very secular focus and identi fied itself with Absolutism which at the time was the view of Louis XIV also called the sun king. If you think absolutism you can envision unfeigned clean lines, simple geometric shapes and everything coming together in perfect seamless unison. This style would also influence modern art and artists. The third style of baroque art was the Restrained Baroque. This style again, is easily envisioned by simply thinking about its name. Although most restrained baroque art was being done in the northern regions of the world such as the Netherlands, examples can be found in some regions of Italy as well. Some famous artists who full this style were, Rembrandt Van Rijn, Jan Vermeer and Anthony Van Dyck.The Scientific revolution lasted from 1600 to 1715 with its climax between 1685 and 1715. During this time period many great changes took place. First, the changes in astronomy and physics were more often than not influenced by the new theory that the sun centered the universe as opposed to the old view that the earth centered the universe. This became the official view 1543 and voluminous an international community of scholars. The result was called Heliocentrism Once this was established as fact people now began to see the universe in a whole new light. Mathematical calculations were now though to be able to unlock the mysteries of nature and mankind. Many key figures of the time such as Nicolas Copernicus, Sir Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler all made valuable contributions to the scientific revolution and how it was shaped.There were also conflicts that resulted from this revolution however. The Church, both Catholic and Protestant agree that this newtheory was dangerous and went against the Holy Scripture. The church felt that if the earth was no longer at the center of the universe whence neither was man and his place in the divine scheme of things was then reduced. So it was denounced and condemned as a false system. It was not until 1822 that the Roman Catho lic Church accepted the theory as true. Also, sects within the Protestant church behind began to adapt and accept the theory as true.Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 in England and theorized that man was incapable of existing without rule over them and in pitch to for humanity to exist in a civil society they must be ruled by one individual and distribute up their sovereignity. John Locke was born 1632 in England as well but Locke theorized that people were basically good in nature and could govern themselves but needed a regimen to protect them instead of ruling them. Both had different points of view on humanity and how a structured system should work but both Hobbes and Locke agreed that a Social Contract was needed in order to keep things balanced.Locke and Hobbes views influenced the Enlightenment but in different ways. Lockes views influenced the Enlightenment by helping give way to such ideas as better public education and a more liberal government. I can not find how Hobbe s views influenced the Enlightenment with the excommunication of reinforcing the ideals of oppression and fascist rule over the people. The resulting views of government based on these theories were both for the greater good of the people based on Lockes theory and for the greater good of the government based on Hobbes views.Works cited.(1) Western Humanities Vol. II fifth edition(2) (The Panorama of the Renaissance) Edited by Margaret Aston, Abradale Press(3) various(a) internet research sites.

Emotion and New York Essay Example for Free

Emotion and New York EssayIn proof, there is a contrast presented between the abstract and tangible aspects of life. Claires life revolves around everything that is serviceable while Catherine relies more on things that are theoretical. These choices cause problems in each sisters life in that they are both disconnected from the real world and uncomplete can relate to other people, including each other.Catherine focuses on the theoretical, letting her life revolve around things that are not tangible, things that other people cannot necessarily see. earlyish on in the play, Catherine figures out that the number of days she has wasted because of her depression is a mathematically significant number. Math is a very abstract acquirement and this scene shows how mathematically minded Catherine is. It also shows how easily she is able to think abstractly. Her father helps her mathematically manipulate this number right before he admits that he is, in fact, dead at the time of thi s conversation. Again, Catherine is relying on something intangible, the mental representation of Robert. While Robert was ill, Catherine stayed with him to take mete out of him emotionally. She did not typically wash dishes, clean the house, or pay bills, Catherine was taking care of her fathers emotional state. In her mind, she was making sure he stayed well by having someone to rely on for the intangible aspects of life.Because Catherine lives in the abstract, she is unable to relate to people who live in the real world. Because of this and other reasons, she has no friends. She tells her father, in order for your friends to take you out you generally subscribe to have friends. Most 25 year olds would go out with friends on their birthday the fact that she has no friends is odd and causes the audience to worry. In the end of enactment 1 Scene 1, Catherine calls the cops to keep Hal from stealing one of her fathers notebooks even though, as she admits in the beginning of Scene 2, she didnt really want them to come. The cops come back the next forenoon and are not happy. This shows that she does not relate well with the unimaginative world and its consequences.Unthe likes of her sister, Claire is overly practical, completely engrossed in material aspects of life. While Catherine is at home with their father,Robert, Claire moves to New York to continue her education, get her own place, and have a job. She pays all the bills from New York, but does not involve herself with other aspects of taking care of their father besides encouraging Catherine to put him in a full time care situation. Bills are very material and concrete, showing how much Claire relies on tangible aspects of life and how well she can deal with these things. When Claire is visiting Catherine for their fathers funeral, she tries to get Catherine to try a conditioner she likes. When Catherine asks Claire for some scientific facts about the Jojoba in the conditioner, Claire replies, it make s my hair feel, look, and smell out good. Thats the extent of my information about it. Claire doesnt know any scientific information about the Jojoba, only how it physically affects her hair.Claire values material objects over immaterial things like emotions, which makes it difficult for her to connect with people and deal with them appropriately. At the party after the funeral, Claire tries to out drink the theoretical physicists and fails miserably waking up with a monstrous hangover. Claire does this because she believes, incorrectly, that she is better than the theoretical physicists based on their lack of grounding in the practical world. At the end of Act 1, Claire tells Catherine, its not your fault. Its my fault for letting you do it. This implies that Claire thinks she can realise Catherine. Claire believes she can control people like she can control things. Claire also decides she wants Catherine to move to New York so she can keep a better eye on her. She tells Catheri ne it would be much easier for me to get you set up in an apartment in New York again showing how she wants to control Catherines life and does not show regard for Catherines emotions such as Catherines desire to stay in her home town and her sense of belonging there.Due to Catherine and Claires different priorities, they do not relate to each other and have a disconnected relationship. This is established early on in the play when Catherine says to her father, she is not my friend, she is my sisterAnd I dont like her. It is clear from this statement that Catherine does not feel connected to Claire. At one point Claire goes so far as to accuse Catherine of macrocosm insane, claiming that Catherine has made upHarold Dobbs. She later meets Hal and does not even apologize to her sister. Sadly, this is not the only thing Claire does to show complete disregard for her sisters feelings. When Hal shows up in Act 1 Scene 2, Catherine makes a big scene and Claire completely ignores her.CATH ERINE Okay? I really dont need this, Claire. Im fine, you know, Im totally fine, and then you swoop in here with these questions, and Are you okay? and your soothing tone of voice and Oh, the poor patrolmen I think the police can handle themselves and bagels and bananas and jojoba and Come to New York and vegetarian chili. I mean it really pisses me off, so just save it.(Beat.)CLAIRE (smoothly to HAL) Im Claire. Catherines sister.Clearly Claire is ignoring Catherines emotions and chooses to not try to deal with her sisters fit. This is also an example of how Catherine inappropriately deals with her own emotions and her sisters attempts to help. Claire cannot be there for Catherine if she wont deal with any emotions and Catherine chooses not to fight back calmly to Claires assertions.Neither sister has found the best way to live their life, they need to find a happy medium between the practical and theoretical aspects of life so that they can function properly in the real world a nd relate to the people living in it.Works CitedProof by David Auburn

Personal life Essay Example for Free

Personal life EssayDance a organic structure of expression, a medium of communication, rejoicing and love. Dance is my passion. I am a trained Bharata Natyam leapingr. I am proud to be an Indian because of its rich enculturation and heritage. In Bharata Natyam Bha i. e Bhaava (expression), Ra i. e Ragha (rhythm) and Ta i. e Taal (beat) be the basic comp wholenessnts of a dance. There are seven different classical dance forms in india Bharata Natyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Odissi, Mohiniattam, Manipuri and Kathak. I am blessed to be a part of this culture. It is my m early(a) who developed this art in me. I have also learnt other dance forms such as Western and Folk. It is through dance that I find inner peace and true happiness. This art form gave me beautiful opportunities. I have represented my country in Dubai, France and Finland International festivals. Being a part of these festivals made me realize even if we have lyric barrier the language of dance bridged the gap be tween us.Ive explored many cultures, their way of living, their way of life through this art. Dance needs no interpretation. Dance is also one of the strongest medium to pass a message. I believe one must use this art for a good cause. Famous dancers such as Hema Malini, Helen, Vayjantimala, Shri Gopal Krishna, Smt Rukhmani Devi, Shri Birju Maharaj are respected for their contribution. Dance taught me to correct myself. It has developed in me the world power of working towards excellence.Ive acquired certain skills from this art which I believe are my competencies as a manger such as confidence, self-presentation, and an ability to cope with criticism and learn from it. As a performer I have an open mind and the ability to move beyond boundaries and experiment with different ideas. Every human being has a purpose for his existence. I believe my purpose is to spread love and happiness and do my bit for the society. I wish to make my parents proud. I wish to make this world a better place in my own humble way. I wish to stay in your hearts forever

Impact Of Tourism On The UAE Economy

Impact Of tourism On The UAE EconomyIntroduction touristry, a very advance and complicated sector, is hitherto very difficult to express. The tourism sector of any sylvan can never be measured easily. Many countries which do not have oft foreign rock-steadys exchange from their country rely on their tourism income. Even small countries like Singapore and Malaysia atomic number 18 having more than half of their income glide path from tourism sector. These are those counties which are growing only be eccentric of their tourism income.Impact of Tourism over the Economy of a CountryThe overall economic growth of a country depends upon two things viz. foreign exchange and internal rising income. Among these two, the foreign exchange contributes to approximately 60% of the increase in revenue of the country. Tourism is a part of foreign exchange where the country earns from the incoming and outgoing tourists. It plays a vital role in economic growth of any country. In most of the co untries tourism has become their main source of foreign income. A number of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries contribute to about 65% of tourism activity. Countries like France, Germany and Australia comes nether OECD member list. The WTO (World Tourism Organization) reports that about 700 million people traveled to a foreign country in 2000, spending over US$ 480 billion dapple on the tour.(UAE tourism, 2010)Positive and Negative aspects of Tourism IncomeOf course every market issue comes with a good bear down and a bad point. The positive point of tourism is that it helps in growing the economy of the country and it increases the value of the country in the world market. It likewise increases employment opportunities and improves the socio- heathenish level of the local mass. The local products pretend a good amount value and are commercialized over the world market. But the coin has two sides. The prohibit side of the coin i.e. the negat ive points of tourism includes spoiling of the historical and antique monuments of the country. It also contributes to the increase in terrorism. It can also lead to information leakage of the classified documents which can cause some country to easily ground them. No one can ever say to what extent tourism can lead a country to.Adding to which, on increasing tourism there is a loss to the environmental aspects that is, it results in raising the consumption of ground, water and energy which ultimately leads to destruction of drop and environment. The tourists knowingly or unknowingly spoil the cleanliness of some some former(a)(prenominal) place. in that location is an imbalance in the ecosystem and leads to species acquire endangered. In the worst cases tourism can also add to an increase in the prostitution business (sexual tourism). Moreover the narcotics market is also flourishing through tourism. It has been observed that most of the youth are getting drugs from the outsid e mass coming to their country.What attracts a tourist?As far as the cultural issues are concerned tourism helps in advancing the cultural aspects of any country to the whole world. Most of the tourists going from one country to another are very much inspired from the cultural outlook of other country. Everyone needs a change, needs a place to go and chill, so they prefer travelling to other country and enjoying the essence of their culture and their way of living. So this is also a route through which the tourism sector can flourish.Beside the cultural trait the thing that attracts a tourist to go and visit another country is their history. They say, it is the history of a country that affects its future, advantageously this statement is totally right reflecting the reason why tourist want to visit some other country. People like to visit Egypt to see their historical Pyramids and their famous stories of Mummies. Similarly the seven wonders of the world are visited regularly by t housands of people from different split of the world. Most of the time people visit other country vertical for leisure. (UAE tourism, 2010)Race between countries over tourist incomeSeeing the overwhelming tourist coming to a country, every country wants to increase their own share of tourism income and it is quite obvious. To attract more and more tourist, people includes different tourism packages just to increase their income. They are willing to cut down their own food just to give them their share of food and that too not in good sense but only to have better income. Special privileges are given to tourist like some of the specific tourist spots are given much attention by the government. This helps them to have a better show off on their income masses.UAE, the most attractive tourist spotThe UAE has built its position in the tourism sector by offering a wide range of leisure and sports activity. This is the main point of attraction in UAE. There is no question that UAE is on e of the most attractive and most visited country in the whole world. Beside the economic income from the oil business the government does not completely rely on its income from it and it has led them to put more emphasis on making several multi-billion and huge projects in both public as well as private sectors. These have led to attract many tourists from different parts of the world.According to a report from the WTTC (World Travel and Tourism Council) it is estimated that by the 2015 tourism in UAE would increase by about 7% from todays data. On the increasing accounts of Dubais expensive projects this percentage can even go higher. These include projects such as the Palms in Dubai, Burj Khalifa, the Waterfront and the Marina.Dubai has been known for its fabulous ethnicity and hospitality. It has been one of the most favorite places with respect to tourist invasion. It has become a worldwide travel and business destination. According to files Dubai has attracted over 5 million t ourists from all over the world to visit its great architecture. A wide range of hotels and beach side resorts have made it well-provided for the tourist to stay in Dubai.ConclusionFrom the above discussion it can be concluded that tourism is a sector which has major impact on economy of any country. Factor of being a favorite tourist place can vary country to country. Dubai is one of the favorite tourist places. Tourism also associates some negative factors also. (UAE tourism, 2010)

The arguments for floating and fixed exchange rates

The arguments for floating and unbending telephone transmute reckonsEvaluate the respective arguments for floating and fixed flip-flop pass judgments. Your answer should include an exploration of theoretical issues and evaluation of historical and contemporary experiences of alternative world-wide financial regimes.Historical Overview of the Inter content monetary System (IMS)The Inter guinea pig Monetary System refers to the institutional framework within which International payments are made, movements of capital are accommodated and exchange accounts are determined. An appreciation of the international financial system of rules is essential for the judgment of the flow of international capital or currency1.The exchange rate regimes that have been practised for over a century have taken the forms of fixed and floating mechanisms. Floating exchange rate is that which bothows exchange rate to vary in accordance with the changes in the supply and demand for foreign exch ange. contracted exchange rate refers to a currency price that is intentionally pr showcaseed from fluctuating by means of specific government policies that influence the supply and demand for foreign exchange2.Reviewing the principal international monetary systems that nations have practised over the past century, it would be seen that each mechanism carries with it a present of practices which are sometimes straightforward in the form of laws or regulations and sometimes implicit in the form of conventions or customs that are in the comparisonlance of international finance termed the rule of the game3.Ronald McKinnon (1993) describes the summonss of he principal international systems of the last century and noned that the period from 1914 to 1945 reflected the global turmoil of two dry land Wars and the Great falling tally that no uniform system could be ascribed to the period.Mckinnon (1993) organises his review into seven different episodes except the inter-war period, each having own set of rules4. McKinnons categorization appears to have been rendered outdated by more recent development in the international monetary system. From my own point of view, I would rather classify the metamorphosis of the international monetary system into eight episodes that are discussed below-1. Bimetallism Period Before 1875-Commodity capital system using both silver and gold which are precious metals for international payments and for domestic currency because they possessed the features of a means of exchange such as intrinsic value, portable, recognizable, homogenous, divisible, durable and non-perishable5. Under a bimetallic standard (or both time when more than one type of currency is acceptable for payment), countries would experience Greshams Law which is when bad money drives out good money6.2. The International flamboyant Standard -(1879-1913)For about 40 years most of the world was on an international gold standard, ended with World War II when most c ountries went off gold standard. London was the financial centre of the world, most advanced economy with the most international trade.Rules of the stake I The International Gold Standard -(1879-1913)Fix an functionary gold price or mint parity and allow reposition convertibility between domestic money and gold at that price subvert no restriction on the import or export of gold by private citizens, or on the use of gold for international minutesIssue national currency and coins only with gold backing, and link the growth in national bank deposits to the availability of national gold applys.In the event of a brusk-run liquidity crisis associated with gold outflows, the central bank should lend freely to domestic banks at higher interest rates.If Rule (i) is ever temporarily suspended, restore convertibility at the original unit parity as soon as practicable.As a result of these practices, the worldwide price level volition be endogenously determined based on the overall wor ld demand and supply of gold.Source- All the Rules of the Game were adapted from Ronald I. Mckinnon, The Rules of the Game- International currency in Historical Perspective, Journal of Economic Literature, Volume 31 (Mar 1993)Arguments in Support of the Gold StandardPrice Stability through the tying of money supply to the supply of gold, central banks are unable to expand the money supply. The only ways in which they can do so are by acquiring more supplies of gold through production or by running proportionateness of payments surpluses with other countries7.Facilitates Balance of Payment adjustment automatically this was start-off described by David Hume and is referred to as Humes specie flow mechanism8.Arguments Against the Gold StandardThe growth of out put and the growth of gold supplies needs to be closely linked.- For example, if the supply of gold increased faster than the supply of goods did there would be inflationary crush outure9.Volatility in the supply of gold c ould cause unfavorable shocks to the economy10.In practice, the monetary authorities may non be forced to strictly tie their hands in limiting the creation of money, so some of the theoretical advantages may not hold up. For example, the substitution cuss could issue more currency without having acquired more gold, and the public may not bewilder aware of what is going on11.Countries with respectable monetary insurance receivers cannot use monetary policy to fight domestic issues like unemployment.3. The Inter-War Period (1919-1939)After the irruption of the World War I, each warring country afterwards the other put the gold convertibility on hold and embraced the floating exchange rates. However, the joined States which conjugate the battle late, upheld gold convertibility but the dollar floated effectively against other currencies that had ceased to become convertible into dollars.Many exchange rates fluctuated sharply after the war and in the early and through mid-twent ies as a lot of currencies experiencing massive devaluations against the dollar but the join States currency had greatly improved its competitive force play over the European currencies during the war in tandem with the stronger relative position of the United State economy12.Sequel to a prolonged internal debate, the United Kingdom restored the gold convertibility at the pre-war parity against the United State dollar13. It was not surprising to see other countries emulate Britain and returned to the gold but in many cases at devalued rates and what was the impact of this action on those countries economy?The anomalies and disequilibria created during the war were not well manifested in the par values that were found in the mid-twenties14.The exchange trades were characterised by turbulence and chaos during the 1930s. Under a condition serious global depression and erosion of confidence, the international monetary system broke down into rival currency blocs, competitive devaluat ions, discriminatory trade restrictions and exchange controls, high tariffs and barter trade arrangements. Several efforts geared at re-establishing order proved abortive.154. The Spirit of the Bretton Woods Agreement (1945)In July, 1944, the International Monetary and Financial Conference organised by the United Nations attempted to put together an international financial system that eliminated the chaos of the inter-war years. The term of the agreement were negotiated by forty four nations, conduct by the U.S. and Britain. The British delegation was led by John Maynard Keynes, perhaps the most famous economist of the twentieth century16.In essence, the Bretton Woods Agreement sought a set of rules that would demand countries from the tyranny of the gold standard and permit greater autonomy for national monetary policies. The negotiators recognised the historical shortcomings of other systems and the trade-offs they would face in trying to balance stable yet adjustable exchange rates.Rules of the Game II- The Spirit of the Bretton Wood Agreement (1945)Fix an formalised par value for domestic currency in terms of gold or a currency tied to gold as a numeraireIn the short run, pass the exchange rate pegged within 1.0% of its par value, but in the long run leave open the option to adjust the par value unilaterally if IMF concursPermit free convertibility of currencies for current account proceedings but use capital controls to limit currency speculationOff-set short-run balance of payments imbalance by use of official reserves and IMF credits, and sterilize the impact of exchange mart interventions on the domestic money supply.Permit national macro sparing autonomy each member pursue its own price level and employment objectives.The IMF was created with the specific goal of being the multilateral body that monitored the implementation of the Bretton Woods agreement. Its role was to hold gold reserves and currency reserves that were contributed by the me mber countries and then lend this money out to nations that had currency difficulty meeting their obligations under the agreement.17Currencies had to be convertible- central banks had to exchange domestic currency for dollars upon request. However, authoritative countries were also allowed to institute capital controls on certain types of transactions. Only current account related transactions were needful to be fully convertible and countries were allowed to impose restrictions on the exchange of capital account related transactions.18The Asymmetric Position of the Reserve Centre Country In a world with N countries there are only N-1 exchange rates against the reserve currency. If all the countries in the world are fixing their currencies against the reserve currency and acting to keep the rate fixed, then the reserve country has no need to intervene19.The Collapse of the Bretton Woods SystemBretton Woods faltered in the 1960s because of a U.S. trade and budget deficits. Nations holding U.S. dollars doubted the U.S. government had gold reserves to redeem all its currency held outside the U.S. Demand for gold in exchange for dollars caused a large global sell-off of dollars20. In 1971, the U.S. government closed the gold go upow by decree of President Nixon. The world moved from a gold standard to a dollar standard from Bretton Woods to the Smithsonian Agreement21. Growing increase in the amount of dollars printed further eroded faith in the system and the dollars role as a reserve currency. By 1973, the world had moved to search for a new financial system one that no longer relied on a worldwide system of pegged exchange rates.(Levich, 2004)5. The Floating Rate Dollar Standard (1973-1984)The floating rate system that developed after the fall of the Bretton woods was not devoid of rules and the rules which were of two folds, one set of rules for countries other than the United States and the other set for the United States. The US dollar remained the ce ntrepiece of international financial markets. To assess the external values of domestic currency, officials would typically refer to an exchange rate in US$. And when intervention was called for, it was generally conducted in U.S. dollar.While the system was called floating, it was far from a freely floating laissez-faire system. Policy makers were unwilling to let private market forces be the sole antigenic determinant of exchange rates. This is not surprising given the importance of exchange rates to an economy. Richard Cooper (1984) reminds us that it is inconceivable that a government held responsible for managing its economy could keep its hands off the exchange rate. And sure enough, they are not left alone.The IMF also recognised that each country saw its exchange rate as an important policy variable quantity and that the exchange rate policy of one country could have significant negative spill-over effects on other countries. Therefore, in 1974, the IMF enacted a set of gu idelines designed to limit the potential for conflicts regarding exchange rate policies22.While these guidelines are not binding, they show that the IMF sanctions intervention as a system to promote orderly conditions in the foreign exchange market23. Essentially, the foreign exchange rate was left to play the role of a residual variable that did a great deal of the adjusting to offset the macro-economic policy differences across countries. With little coordination of these policies, one would expect exchange rate volatility to increase sharply.(Adam Bennett, 1995)Rules of the Game iii Industrial Countries Other Than the United States.Smooth short term variability in the dollar exchange rate but do not direct to an official par value or to long term exchange rate stabilityPermit free convertibility of currencies for current account transactions maculation endeavouring to eliminate all remaining restrictions on capital account transactionsUse the US$ as the intervention currency (except for transactions to stabilise European exchange rates) and keep official reserves primarily in U.S. Treasury BondsModify domestic monetary policy to support major exchange rate interventions, reducing the money supply when the national currency is weak against the dollar and expanding the money supply when the national currency is strong. identify long-run national monetary and price targets independently of the United States let the exchange rates adjust over the long run to off-set those differences.Rules of the Game The United States.Remain passive in the forex market practise free trade without a balance of payment or exchange rates target. No need foe sizeable official foreign exchange reservesKeep the U.S. capital markets open for borrowing and investing by private residents and foreign sovereignsPursue a monetary policy independent of the exchange rate or policies in order countries, thereby not strong for a common stable price level (or anchor) for tradable goods.7 . The Plaza- flipper treatment gibes the Floating Rate Dollar Standard-(1985-1999)The US had held a fairly passive stance toward exchange rates during first 10-years of float. In 1981, the induction of an expansive US fiscal policy combined tight monetary control (supported by President Ronald Reagan) combined with tight monetary control (guided by Federal reserves Chairman, Paul Volcker) started the US dollar on a prolonged appreciation.By early 1985, the US$ had appreciated nearly 50% (relative to 1980) in real terms against an average of the worlds other major currencies. As the US dollar rose higher, some economists characterised its price behaviour as a speculative bubble (meaning a movement greater than, and progressively greater than justified by macroeconomic fundamentals) and predicted that the foreign exchange value of the dollar was not sustainable.24The entire episode persuade policy makers that-exchange rates were too important to be left to market forces, hence in tervention was deemed appropriate to smooth disorderly markets and halt market excesses, andexchange rates were too important to be the residual from uncoordinated economic policies, so better policy coordination was required to establish a set of economic fundamentals that in turn would produce a smother path of the exchange rate.As a result, since 1985, a new set of rules has evolved accenting the role of exchange market intervention and macroeconomic policy coordination. The first part of the policy change, the easy part, was foreign exchange intervention. Although, the appreciation of the US$ reach in early March, 1985, the dollar did not initially fall by much and the use Congress continued to favour import restrictions (Barry Eichengreen, 1996).7(a) The Plaza AccordOn September 22, 1985, officials from the Group of Five (G-5) countries Britain, France, West Germany, Japan and the US met at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, where they issued a communiqu announcing that they would interfere jointly promote dollar depreciation. The dollar fell sharply on this news and continued to decline through 1986.The Plaza communiqu represented a sharp break with former policies. Exchange market intervention was often characterised by leaning against the wind behaviour to policy change the market trend. The Plaza meeting had the Central Banks leaning with the wind of the recently weak dollar. Further exchange market interventions were often kept secret and were often the doings of a single central bank25.7(b) The tailfin AccordThe dollars free fall continued into 1987, so much that some European officials began to fear for the competitiveness of their own export industries which prompted policy makers from the G-5 countries plus Canada to make another attempt at exchange rate co-operation in a meeting at the LOUVRE in Paris in February 22, 1987. At the Louvre meeting, policy makers agreed to foster stability of exchange rates around their current levels.This was not an unusual statement as part of a press release from a meeting of international finance minister but the Louvre accord was more than an emotional statement in praise of stability.The midpoint of the Louvre meeting was a set of target zones, or exchange rate range, that the Central Bankers agreed to defend using active foreign exchange intervention26.The Louvre accord has been criticised on the ground that the target zone strategy could have no real force and the decision to keep the zonary boundaries secret was simply a device to prevent any evaluation of the policys success.The Rules of the Game IV-The Plaza-Louvre Intervention Accords and the Floating Rate Dollar Standard-(1985-1999)-Germany, Japan and United States (G-3)Set broad target zones for the US$/DM and US$/Y exchange rates. Do not announce the agreed upon central rates, and allow for flexible zonal boundariesAllow the implicit central rates to adjust when economic fundamentals among the G-3 countries change substa ntiallyCentral Banks intervene collectively but infrequently to reverse short-run exchange rate trends that threaten a zonal boundary. Signal the collective intent by announcing rather than hiding intervention.G-3 countries hold reserves in each others currencies, for the U.S. This means building up reserves in deutsche marks, yen, and possibly other convertible currencies.Sterilize the immediate impact of exchange market interventions by not adjusting short-term interest rates.Each G-3 country aims its monetary policy towards stable prices (measured by domestic consumer or wholesale prices or the GNP deflator), which indirectly anchors the world price level and reduces the drift in exchange rate zones.The Rule of the Game Other Industrial CountriesSupport or do not oppose interventions by the G-3 to keep the dollar within its target zone limits.Indeed, policy makers have had to adjust the central rate of the implied target zone and be flexible about the precise location of the tar get zone boundary. Intervention under the Louvre accord seems to be more successful when accompanied by macroeconomic policy changes, and less successful when domestic monetary is preserved through sterilized intervention. Sterilized intervention in the foreign exchange market leaves the domestic monetary base unaffected27(Krugman, P and Maurice, O, 2000).The Louvre accord began a dish up towards greater and, it was hoped, better policy co-ordination. Progress in the coordination process is essential to fundamentally affect the stability of exchange rates in the longer run.8. The Spirit of the European Monetary System (1979)Following the collapse of the Bretton Woods, European wedlock (EU) nations looked for a system that could stabilise currencies and reduce exchange-rate risk. In 1979, the created the European Monetary System (EMS) to stabilize exchange rates subject to the following guidelines-Rules of the Game V The Spirit of the European Monetary System (1979)Applicable to All Member Countries.Fix a par value for each exchange rate in terms of the European Currency unit, a basket weighted according to country size.Keep exchange rate stable in the short run by limiting movements in the isobilateral rates to 2.25% on either side of the central rate.When exchange rate threatens to breach a bilateral limit, the strong currency Central Bank must lend freely to the weak currency Central Bank to support the exchange rate.Adjust the par value in the intermediate term only if necessary to realign price levels, and only with the collective agreement of other EMS countries.Work toward a carrefour of national macroeconomic policies that would lead to stable long run par value for exchange rates.Maintain free currency convertibility for current account transactionsHold foreign exchange reserve primarily in ECUs with he European Fund for Monetary Co-operation (EFMC), and reduce U.S. dollar reserves.Repay Central Bank debts quickly from exchange reserves or by bo rrowing from the EFMC within strict long-term credit limits.No single countrys money serves as a reserve currency nor does its natural monetary policy serve (asymmetrically) as the nominal price anchor for the group.The EMS was successful, currency realignments were infrequent and inflation was controlled. Problems arose in 1992 and the EMS was revise in 1993 to allow currencies fluctuate in a wider band from the mid-point of the target zone. The system ceased to exist in 1999 when the EU adopted a single currency.8(a) The European Monetary System as a Greater DM Area (1979-1998)As earlier proposed, the EMS appears to enshrine the symmetry of the EU member nations in a co-operative process. In practice, the DM was the centrepiece of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), and German monetary policy formed anchor for the EMS price level.As a consequence, the operation of the EMS was subject to more strains than might have been foreseen, as the strongest country with the least inflation c alled the Policy Tune, rather than some equally weighted average of all the policy presumptions of the member countries. Most of the strains in the EMS over the period arose from the desire by some European leaders to achieve still closer economic and social union.In 1989, a European Council headed by European Commission President Jacque Delors, presented a plan to establish a European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Under the EMU proposal, a single European Central Bank was to set up the monetary policy for a single European money thereby abolishing national monies and an independent role for national central banks.The Delors Plan28recommended a three-stage plan process to phase in the EMU as follows-Stage 1- Bring all 12 members EC countries into the ERM while bringing tighter convergence of monetary policies to secure the ERMStage 2- Narrow the permissible bands of the ERM and permit a new European Central Bank to exercise more control of national monetary policies.Stage 3- Re place national monies with a common currency, placing debt instrument for the European Central Banks that reflect the interests of all EC countries.The EMS Crisis of 1992 1993The Delors Plan called for a transfer of national sovereign power over monetary policy and national monies to a new EC institutions. In December, 1991, the EC drafted the Maastricht Treaty a 250 page document that laid out the procedure for transferring policy making billet and the approval by all the twelve EC countries was required either by national referendum or parliamentary vote. For reason that substantial parts of the agreement were contentious, most of the sponsoring countries became sceptical and the document could not be approved by member nations contrary to expectation, As a result, currency tension persisted throughout 1993.In the summer of 1993, speculative attacks continued on the French franc and other currencies. This caused Central Banks to intervene heavily but the French resisted deval uation29. (Richard Cooper, 1984).The Path to European Monetary UnionNotwithstanding the shocks suffered by the Delors Plan, voting on the Maastricht treaty continued and by November, 1992, it was adopted and the European Union (EU) was born. However, many countries had negotiated the right to opt out of certain key provisions, including the EUs common monetary and defence institutions.According to the Delors Plan, countries had to meet various economic targets before joining the EMU30.These criteria were very stringent to fulfil that as at February 1997, only Luxembourg satisfied them. Despite the difficulty in meeting the criteria, undaunted EU policymakers proceeded by designing and unveiling new natural coins and notes. Private firms and banks were compelled to follow suit, redesigning their accounting systems and functional software to accommodate the new euro.8(b) The Spirit of the European Economic Monetary Union 1999In May 1998, the European Council met to make two critica l decisions-To determine which countries would participate in the launch of the EMU set for January 1, 1999 andWho would be elected as the President of the European Central Bank.Many observers had expected a narrow EMU with only six countries going in at the start because requirements on fiscal budget deficits and national debt level. Surprisingly, the European Council elected eleven countries virtually all EU except countries, those that desired to opt out of the pioneer team such as Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Greece actually wanted to join but clearly had not met the convergence requirements31.On 1st January, 1999, the final and irrevocable conversion rates of the eleven bequest currencies versus the euro were announced. The transition went hitch-free in terms of transaction execution in the foreign exchange market and the operation of the EMU payment and settlement system. Financial markets in the EMU countries redenominated all traded financial securities and instr uments from their national currencies into euros. A new market for bonds denominated in euros is thriving. The trend toward trans-national mergers and acquisition across firm within the euro started growing.The last flavor on the path to monetary union is the introduction of physical euro notes and coins and the withdrawal of legacy currency notes and coins. This process was scheduled to begin January 1, 2002 and to be accomplished not later than July 1, 2002.Empirical Evidences of Recent Currency CrisesDespite nations best efforts to head off financial crises within the international monetary system, the world has witnessed several acrid crises some of which are summarised below-Developing Nations Debt CrisisBy the early 1980s, developing countries (especially in Latin America) had amassed huge debts payable to large international commercial banks, the IMF, and the World Bank. To prevent a meltdown of the entire financial system, international agencies revised repayment schedules . In 1989, the Brady Plan called for large-scale reduction of poor nations debt, exchange of high-interest loans, and debt instruments tradable on world financial markets.Mexicos Peso CrisisRebellion and political assassination shook investors, faith in Mexicos financial system in 1993 and 1994. Mexicos government responded slowly to the fledge of portfolio investment capital. In the late 199